Chemistry Term Paper :: essays research papers

Natural science is the investigation of basically all substances containing carbon. Natural aggravates that contain just carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. The most straightforward hydrocarbons are the alkanes which contain just single covalent bonds. Methane is the least complex alkane. It is likewise the significant part of flammable gas. Methane contains just 1 carbon in the sub-atomic equation and the auxiliary recipe. There is ethane which is 2 carbons, propane that is 3, butane which is 4, pentane which is 5, etc. There are additionally alkenes. Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon twofold covalent bonds, and to wrap things up there is the alkynes which are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds. They additionally have various names. Alkanes end with â€ane. Alkenes end with â€ene, and alkynes end with â€yne. In natural science there are additionally isomers, isomers are One of at least two intensifies that have a similar conc oction equation yet various courses of action of the iotas inside the particles and that may have diverse physical/compound properties. For instance, CH3OCH3 and C2H5OH are isomers. The two of them have a similar measure of carbon molecules however are organized in an unexpected way. Natural science is utilized EVERYWHERE. For instance methane, which is a gas delivered by fart, that gas is additionally found in swamps.      An corrosive is an intensify that produces hydrogen particles when broken down in water. In this way, the compound recipes of acids are of the general structure HX, where X is a monatomic or polyatomic particle. At the point when the name of the anion finishes in â€ide, the corrosive name starts with the prefix hydro-. The stem of the anion has the postfix â€ic and is trailed by the word corrosive. Along these lines, HCL is named hydrochloric corrosive. At the point when the anion name finishes in â€ite, the corrosive name is the stem of the anion with the addition â€ous, trailed by the word corrosive. Accordingly H2SO3 is named sulfurous corrosive. At the point when the anion name finishes in â€ate, the corrosive name is the stem of the anion with the addition â€ic, trailed by the word corrosive. Hence HNO3 is named Nitric corrosive. A base is an exacerbate that delivered hydroxide particles when broken down in water. Ionic intensifies that are bases are named similarly as some other ionic compoundâ€the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion. For instance, NaOH a base utilized in making cleanser and cleansers is called sodium hydroxide.

How to Do Business In Italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Step by step instructions to Do Business In Italy - Research Paper Example It very well may be seen that the Italy doesn't have great global connection with the greater part of the nations . In the ongoing occasions, Italy is confronting critical difficulties in meeting its obligation prerequisites and the important damage which has been caused due to euro zone alongside the EU which is very hard to destroy . Economy Policy Outlook Italy is viewed as a nation with increased money related just as monetary emergency that debilitates its situation in the euro zone. This emerges basically from an adjustment in advertise impression of the condition of its open accounts. Endorsement was gotten from the Parliament on September fourteenth 2011, in regards to the spending that was intended for the time of 2012-2013 so as to limit the spending deficiency to focus in the year 2013, from 4.6% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the year 2010 and an approximated 4% in the year 2011. Regardless, due to the decrease in the estimation of financial development alongside higher intrigue installments, it has been evident continuously of November of the year 2011 that more assets would be required by the nation so as to accomplish this goal. Beginning a business in Italy is viewed as very costly as opposed to tedious in Italy .In the year 2010 and in the main portion of the year 2011, the country’s upswing from downturn had been unobtrusive. In result of blend of more noteworthy monetary challenges, a debilitating of the business certainty and forcefully declining outside interest, it tends not out of the ordinary that Italy will experience the ill effects of various quarters of negative quarter-to-quarter growth6. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy The making of the new technocratic government has not been fruitful at limiting the pace of enthusiasm on Italian government bonds considerably6. Purchaser Confidence Improvements There has been noteworthy decrease in the shopper spending since April 2011. In the initial 75% of the year 2011, it was seen that there was decrease in the unadjusted worth record by 0.8% year-on-year. Notwithstanding, after the insistent fall that started in the period of May of the year 2011, in the long stretch of November of the year 2011 there was recognizable ascent in the customer certainty record to 96.5 from 93.3 in the long stretch of October of the year 2011. It was seen that the record stayed beneath the normal for each of the a year of 99.4. It was in the long stretch of November 2011 when the consumers’ assessment of the general monetary circumstance improved significantly7. PESTEL Analysis Prior to going into any nation, it is very indispensable to lead PESTEL examinat ion so as to grasp the business condition of that specific nation. It tends to be expressed that the administration of Italy has passed a â‚ ¬40 bn harshness program so it can resolve its frail money related position and in this manner take out approaches to reinforce them. It has been seen that despite the fact that the administration takes various measures so as to decrease the assessment rates, it is very high in Italy. In the year 2010, the corporate assessment rate has been 31.4% which is very higher in contrast with the EU normal of 23.2%. There has been ascend in the fares just as imports to non-EU nations by

Book Review Cracking the TOEFL iBT (2019 Edition)

Book Review Cracking the TOEFL iBT (2019 Edition) Note: I only review the speaking and writing sections of TOEFL books, since those are my main areas of expertise.My overall grade for Cracking the TOEFL iBT: B-Skills Building Content: This book has some fine content when it comes to building the skills students need to take the test. It starts with a few drills that help students work through the basic skills needed on the test without actually giving them real TOEFL questions, which is a nice approach. I find that it needlessly mixes skills related to the integrated and independent writing tasks instead of separating them from each other, but that isnt too much of a problem. Some students might find the organization of this section a bit cluttered, but at least they have tons to work with.The book later moves on to chapters that show them how to crack each of the sections and utilize actual TOEFL questions to do so. This is where the book starts to get bad. The problem is accuracy. Ill cover that in the next section. Grade: BAccura cy (Speaking): The book has good descriptions of speaking tasks one and two, but it fails to account for all possible question types. In question one it ONLY uses describe a thing prompts, and in question two it ONLY uses paired choice prompts. It totally fails to mention multiple choice, giving advice, and advantages/disadvantages questions. Thats a problem, and it suggests that the Princeton Review hasnt been sending writers to actually TAKE the test on a regular basis. Stupid.The book accurately depicts speaking question three and provides a good template, but the sample answer given is way too short (page 382). It took me about 30 seconds to read. That wont score well.The book accurately depicts speaking question four, but has a somewhat strange description, stating that the reading is followed by an academic lecture that will either agree or disagree with the reading (page 383). The lecture is supposed to be illustrative in nature (expanding on the content of the reading) rathe r than presenting an argument about it. This could seriously mislead students.The book has an accurate depiction of question five. Sadly, this question will be removed from the test starting August 1, 2019.The book has an accurate depiction of question six.Grade: B-Accuracy (writing): This section is mostly accurate. The integrated writing questions are excellent some of the best Ive seen in a major textbook. I give Princeton Review a lot of praise, since most publishers mess these up badly.The independent writing questions, however, only use the agree/disagree prompt type. The book totally ignores multiple choice and paired choice prompts. This means, of course, that the book has none of the longer question types we have observed since 2018. Again, this just feels like The Princeton Review doesnt care enough to take the test now and again.The book also fails to include the new warning about using memorized examples. That is a small detail, but had they sent some writers out to take the damn test they would know about it.The book provides fine templates and some good sample essays of both types, though.Grade: B-The Sample Test: Well, the book only includes one sample test, and it hasnt been updated since at least 2016. It is probably even older than that, but thats the oldest copy of the book I could find to compare it to. Again, the integrated writing question on the test is great but the independent writing question is (again) an agree/disagree question.Likewise, the independent speaking questions suffer from the limitations I noted above. Speaking questions 3 and 4 are accurate but the order is mixed up on the test! This mistake has been in every edition of this book since at least 2016. That makes me think that Princeton Review doesnt care. Speaking questions 5 and 6 are accurate, though, and in the right order.Grade: BWarning: Note that this book (like all books) will be somewhat out of date when the TOEFL changes on August 1, 2019.

Dealing With Depression Personal Narrative - 1038 Words

Journal Entry 29 1. No matter how hard we try to prepare ourselves for challenging experiences and try to stay positive, it becomes harder to do than planned when the time comes. It was the end of the last semester and I was on the verge of emotional depression that totally overwhelmed me. During the exam period, I wasted my weekends on the Internet, chatting and Facebook-ing. I needed to submit an important paper on Tuesday morning. On Sunday night, after wasting so much time of mine and having a little red eyes because of so much exposure to electronic screens, I sat down to write my paper. Only then did I realize that the paper was due the next morning, not on Tuesday. I was extremely nervous because it was too little a time to finish it. Moreover, I was so angry with myself that I wanted to cry. It was a realization that I was off course in my study habits and that I had not overcome my habit of willingly putting myself in difficult positions. The more I thought about being in that mess, the angr ier I got with myself. I got even angrier thinking about how it was not the first time in my life that I put myself in such a situation. I could not concentrate on my paper because of that emotional response. Then suddenly I thought that I just needed to talk to someone and calm down. I called my classmate and just told her about everything. She said that the instructor had actually extended the deadline until Thursday. It was such a relief. I thanked her profusely and decidedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Short Term 12807 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences of abuse, in a way that makes the audience able to relate. He developed a story that showed the many problems that teenagers deal with today such as abuse and depression. Cretton brought the issues to the audience in a captivating manner. Chicago Reader film critic Ben Sachs writes, â€Å"†¦This feels somewhat contrived in its narrative mechanics, yet it gets so many thing right-about the state of bureaucracy, the way children internalize abuse, and the working life in general-that the shortcomingsRead MoreFaith, Food, And Captivity : Mary Rowlandson s Account Of Survival And Courage1554 Words   |  7 Pages Faith, Food, and Captivity: Mary Rowlandson s Account of Survival and Courage The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson is a personal account that was written by Mary Rowlandson in 1682. It is her account of what her experience in captivity was like. Her narrative about her captivity grew popular with American and English literature. Rowlandson lost everything when there was an attack orchestrated by Indians on her town Lancaster, Massachusetts in 1675; where she wasRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthe narrator’s husband, John, believes her to be suffering from a temporary nervous depression. As the narrator’s condition worsens, she begins to see a woman moving from behind the yellow wallpaper in their bedroom. The wallpaper captures the narrator’s attention and as a result drives her mad. Gilman incorporates a lot of personal experiences into the short story. Through Gilman’s feminist views and her personal opinions, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† becomes a short story written from a feminist and semi-autobiographicalRead MoreThe Growth of American Government from the End of Reconstruction and the end of World War II1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past, the nation’s government took the â€Å"laissez-faire† approach to dealing with the economy and/or free market affairs. The government intervened as little as possible, asserting the belief felt that if left alone, economic problems would be resolved without government interference. However, this approach was not guaranteed, and at times, the government had to put aside the â€Å"laissez-faire† approach of the past. The government had no other choice but to intervene in these instances to returnRead MorePublished In Examinerlike Gestalt Therapy Which Was Introduced1618 Words   |  7 Pagessomething different. For example, lying around the house and feeling sorry for yourself will not change your depression, but getting out and doing something will. Th ey believe we are conditioned to think and act the way we do. Some of these conditions become bad habits that need to be changed. Behavior modification techniques are successful for treating bad habits such as over eating and dealing with phobias. The third wave of psychology centered on the body s ability to cure its self. Here we haveRead MoreThis Paper Will Prove That Sigmund Freud Theory Of John1646 Words   |  7 Pagestrying to speak for the writer. In the case of Keats, one could say that it is a connection to depression. Freud comprehended depression as the super ego creating demands and self-anger with oneself. However, within the poem Keats is not focusing on the negatives of depression nor is he stating that one should suffer. According to Freud, he states that depression is the loss of a relationship. â€Å"Depression is like grief, in that it often occurs as a reaction to the loss of an important relationship†Read MoreThe Use Of Art Therapy After Disaster1637 W ords   |  7 Pages Art Therapy after Disaster Lori A. Davis Current Trends in Art Therapy Professor Orr July 3, 2015 Abstract The use of art therapy after a disaster is an emerging approach to dealing with trauma. Disaster can result from natural events, manmade events, personal events, or a combination of any of these. Adults, families, and communities go through considerable suffering during disaster and deal with many trauma related symptoms and issues. Children experience trauma in dissimilarRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And Mrs. Dalloway1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator also struggles with a mental illness which could be related to postpartum depression. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author of The Yellow Wallpaper struggled with depression and Virginia Woolf, author of Mrs. Dalloway, suffered childhood trauma and was bipolar (McMan). Both story’s views on mental illness are most likely heavily influenced by each author’s personal experience with mental illness. The Yellow Wallpaper and Mrs. Dalloway both reflect society’s negative viewRead MoreA Lecture On Depression By Andrew Solomon Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesdebilitating illness. Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by symptoms such as, but not completely limited to: anhedonia, suicidal thoughts, and frequently experiencing sadness. Several individuals will seek out treatment, after they discover a name for the feelings that they have been succumbing to, but few will openly talk about it to anyone other than their own family or therapist. Andrew Solomon wrote an entire memoir and gave a lecture on how having depression affected his life andRead MoreMental Health Issues And Levels Of Participation1725 Words   |  7 Pagesafter presenting relevant data, gives options for dealing with the aforementioned problems. After multiple surveys were administered at Whole Foods Market in Fort Collins, CO and the Colorado State University (CSU) campus, it was determined by the author that, in both males and females, people who engage in outdoor recreation three or more time s per week are less likely to experience mental health problems such as stress, anxiety, and depression, than individuals who recreate outdoors less than three

Gun Control in the United States Essay - 1361 Words

Weapons have been a big problem to the United States for many years now. People have access to many weapons just as easy as the US Military does. The people of the US can both go to a gun store and buy a weapon at the age of sixteen, or they can make a deal with anyone in the streets of the US. Because of the accessibility to weapons, Americans can cause collateral damage in the neighborhood they live in. They can also commit robbery, or go anywhere and start shooting. One problem that happened on April 9, 2014 is that a male sixteen-year-old student went on a stabbing and slashing spree with two knives at Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, about 15 miles east of Pittsburgh. He didn’t kill anyone, but he injured nineteen†¦show more content†¦The desk officer was shoot in the shoulder and elsewhere, not wearing a bulletproof vest, but was carrying an extra pistol, deflecting the bullet to his leg. This officer was a seven year veteran. The second officer tha t was involved started shooting at Yealu, but wasn’t shot at by Yealu. After the gun fight, Yealu was hospitalized in critical condition. Police officers received a search warrant to search Yealu’s house, finding hundreds of rounds of ammunition and weapons, two assault rifles, one shotgun, and two handguns authorities said. This shooting had reached the LAPD’s fourth on-duty injury of the month. One of the most important news stories was the Connecticut School Shooting. Twenty-six people died that day, twenty of them were children. Twenty-year-old Adam Lanza was dressed in all black with a military vest on walked in the school and started shooting, killing twenty-six people. When he opened fire, teachers were rushing children in the bathrooms and closets. A kindergarten locked her door, covered the windows and started to read her children a story to keep them calm. One parent that was there said when she heard three gun shots, she ducked under the table and d ialed 911, letting the teacher and vice principle walk into the halls to see what was going on. When the police arrived, they had barged one room and told the teacher and children to hide in the corner. As the police officers were evacuating theShow MoreRelatedGun Control Of The United States1698 Words   |  7 Pagesshootings that has happened throughout the Unites States has created a great divide among Americans on what should our nation do to prevent further shootings from happening. Many people believe that forcing new laws on how people purchase weapons should require background checks. Gun Control in the United States of America is a topic that has had lots of criticism and support by many citizens. The critical people of this topic believe that the guns do not kill people, it is the people that kill peopleRead MoreGun Control And The United States1569 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States gun control is a big controversy that has been blown out of proportion the last f ew years. Anything that has to do with guns in the news, reporters say it is the guns fault. Gun control laws are being changed and morphed for the new society that we live in today. What gun control really means is a group of laws to control the selling and use of guns.(1). Statistics have proven that most people want more control on guns. Many surveys have shown that the benefits of gun controlRead MoreGun Control Of The United States Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control Proposal Gun control is a highly controversial topic in the United States. There are many people who are for gun control - people who want to have stricter laws to make it so criminals and other dangerous people can’t obtain a firearm. But, there are also the people who disagree with gun control laws and believe there should be a more lenient gun control to help people defend themselves during risky situations. Many gun control laws have been passed for many years. While many have beenRead MoreGun Control And The United States929 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a debated, revisited and revised issue for more than a century in the United States. Recently, after several mass shootings in the United States, gun violence issues are; yet again, renewed and in the forefront for the United States. This paper will consist of insight on gun violence in the United States and the newly imposed gun control policies by President Obama; along with, the arguments for and against the new policies and what roles both the formal and informal actorsRead MoreGun Control Of The United States1166 Words   |  5 PagesSince America’s birth, guns have played a large part in it’s society. Citizens of the United States have used firearms to protect the land they love, and their families. They even use them for engaging activities such as hunting and sport. Though firearms may seem to have a commonplace in society, weighing the rights and liberties of citizens against the safety and welfare of the public has always been a delicate process. In the United States, gun control is a of heated issue that has two sides.Read MoreGun Control And The United States988 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Reassessment in the United States Imagine this: you are in World History class at your high school almost falling asleep learning about Ancient China. It is a normal day for you and your classmates, until you hear an announcement from the principal. You expect the typical lockdown drill, but this situation is far from typical. A man with a gun breaks into your school. BANG! Several of your classmates are killed before this man can be controlled. You survive, but live the rest of yourRead MoreGun Control And The United States1435 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control For gun control, there should be some requirements for the people to take in order to own a gun for themselves. Throughout the United States, gun control should allow people to still have guns; however, the citizens should go through some changes to ensure safety throughout the nation. Gun control has given some helpful ideals before that would help the people understand the responsibilities of their guns. They want to make sure that these laws maintain to progress as a better solutionRead MoreGun Control Of The United States1704 Words   |  7 Pagesshootings that has happened all through the Unites States has made an great divide among Americans on what ought our country do to keep further shootings from happening. Numerous individuals trust that forcing new laws on how people buy weapons should require background verifications. Gun Control in the United States of America is a topic that has had lots of criticism and support by numerous citizens. The critical people of this topic trust that the guns don t murder people, is that people kill peopleRead MoreGun Control in the United States1306 Words   |  6 Pages Gun Control in the United States has gone out of control. The United States should enforce laws to not allow any guns in a house hold in order to reduce violence and crime in the country. Reducing the rate of crime in the United States, controlling big weapons, taxing ammunition, and gun collection can help make this happen. Gun Control can make this country a safer environment to live in. Gun Control has obviously gone out of control in the recent years. Look around, they are everywhere. ReducingRead MoreGun Control Of The United States853 Words   |  4 Pagesbut also criminal sphere. Crime in the United States remains one of the main problems of the country. Every year, 6 million Americans become a victims of crime, murders occur every 24 minutes, rape occur every 5 minutes, robbery occur every 54 seconds. Life becomes dangerous and we need to be able to protect your family by yourself, your business, your property. Therefore so many people thinking about to buys guns and to have guns at home. In addition, the gun is freedom. We live in a free country

In What Ways Does The Character Of Othello Conform to Literary Tradition Of The Tragic Hero Free Essays

Othello is one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies entwined with death, hate and deceit. It tells the story of a well respected and admired war hero, who gradually through the play falls from grace. We are told how jealousy overcomes him so greatly that he murders his innocent lover, and how the resentful Iago seeks revenge on other characters in the play as he envies their positions of power and authority and uses lies, stealing and even murder to get revenge. We will write a custom essay sample on In What Ways Does The Character Of Othello Conform to Literary Tradition Of The Tragic Hero? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another theme explored in the play is racism. We know Othello has worked hard to overcome racial prejudices in society to reach such a point of great authority and respect, and this makes his story even more tragic because it wasn’t as if all that power and status was just given to him. It was his life’s work, it meant everything to him and then he lost it all. In literary tradition a tragic hero is a courageous person who has authority and power yet loses it all. The steps a tragic hero makes during his decline are entirely his own. Although influenced by another, the tragic hero always displays free will, and the decisions that lead to his demise are his own, which means that had he of been more careful his death could have been avoided. It was Othello’s fault because of his lack of trust in Desdemona, which resulted in the destruction of them both. Tragic heroes do not necessarily need to die; however they do in all the plays written by Shakespeare. If they do live, then they are destined to suffer moral destruction and lose sense of what is right and wrong, blinded by their feelings and the suffering that they have experienced. It is crucial that a tragic hero possesses many good personality traits, even if he is a bad person and has evil intentions such as Macbeth, but they must all have one fatal flaw. Othello had both greatness and weakness. However Othello possessed too much greatness, and was too successful, noble and too proud and couldn’t believe that he had ever been wrong. Once he lost his pride and dignity it was all over for him because he had nothing else. Othello is a successful soldier because he has overcome many dangers and is full of awe-inspiring stories of his courage, will- power, bravery and physical strength. He sounds completely dedicated to his work, and nothing seems to distract him from it as he is always completely focused on it. Every conversation he has he refers to it and we don’t know that he has any other interests. Even his relationship is dominated by his work. Desdemona is captivated by his heroic stories and is full of admiration towards him; in a sense it is his status and the excitement of his amazing adventures that she has fallen in love with, not Othello himself: ‘She’d come again, and with a greedy ear Devour up my discourse.’ Here Othello tells the nobles who have met to discuss battle plans, interrupted by Brabantio accusing Othello of using witchcraft to make Desdemona fall in love with him, that she started to fall in love with him when he told her the stories of the journeys he had made and the battles he had fought in. He describes her fascination with them. The word ‘greedy’ suggests she was suffering from a desire to hear more and ‘devour’ suggests that she was desperate to take as much of it in as possible. It could be said that the couple were always destined for sadness because they were not truly in love, just with each others’ image: ‘She loved me for the dangers I and passed, And I loved her, that she did pity them’ Othello is describing how he knew that she loved him for his experiences in life and courageous character, and that he loved her because she admired him so much. This is an example of how Othello is far too proud, as he loved her only because she was so full of praise for him. This makes me think that he won’t be a very good husband as he is too self absorbed, and it sounds as if he is far more concerned about himself than with his wife. Maybe winning her heart was just another achievement to him. Iago is overcome with envy when Othello is sent on an urgent military mission in Cyprus and he does not receive the promotion that he was intently waiting for. Instead the position of Lieutenant is given to a young Florentine soldier Cassio. In anger Iago seeks revenge on them both for professional and personal reasons. His revenge on Othello is targeted through his relationship with his wife: he wants to make Othello feel pain and emotional upset, by convincing him that his wife is seeing Cassio behind his back and likes him above Othello, and he believes will achieve this. He knows that Othello is always used to being the one who everyone admires and looks up too and that he always gets what he wants, and always seems to win, whether in work or love. Iago wants him to feel as if there is someone better than him and that he isn’t as good as he thinks he is. He plans to poison Othello against his innocent wife and frame Cassio by planting a handkerchief belonging to Desdemona in Cassio’s bedchamber. Iago is fraught with jealousy as he feels that he has worked hard to achieve what he wants, putting in time and effort, yet it has been Othello who has been rewarded, through what seems like little effort and pure luck. Iago is an evil force because he is ruthlessly interfering with their relationship, something which has nothing to do with him and it isn’t as if that will even make his situation any better or solve anything. It is pure revenge without any regard for their feelings. What is even worse is that during this he is acting as a friend to Othello, and it is far more painful to be struck by a friend than an enemy. Othello believes Iago is someone that he can trust and this is certainly not true. When Othello is told of Desdemona’s adultery, he seems instantly convinced that it is true, which shows that he doesn’t have much faith in her, or know her very well: ‘This fellows of exceeding honesty,’ He seems completely decided about her immediately and believes Iago without question. We know that he does not believe Iago because of insecurity or low self-esteem, so Othello and Desdemona’s relationship can never have been very good if he instantly believes Iago’s word over her. He suddenly seems completely against her and starts to focus on how maybe people had tried to warn him against her, and the reasons that it wouldn’t work out. He talks about both his race and age. Othello copes with this seemingly fatal blow by convincing himself that he hates Desdemona and she is a whore: ‘She’s gone: I am abused, and my relief Must be to loathe her.’ This puts a great deal of pressure on his pride, but to keep feeling good about himself Othello curses her, in a bid to convince himself that he is better off without her and deal with the situation. This actually shows him to have a very weak character despite his heroic image as he has to convince himself she is so terrible just to make himself feel good. In a way even at this point we could say that he is a tragic hero, as he does have some very apparent faults and we can foresee his demise. He has shown strength in body, but not in mind. Once he has been convinced of Desdemona’s guilt, Othello believes that everyone is mocking him and laughing at him behind his back: ‘A fixed figure for the time of scorn’. He thinks that he has been made a fool, by Desdemona who he now sees as calculating and deceptive: ‘Patience, though young and rose lipped cherubin, Ay, there look grim as hell!’ Here he is reflecting on the transformation that he feels Desdemona has made, from a pure, innocent heavenly creature of beauty to a fierce, evil, cunning whore. This is a contrast between good and evil, with the images of heaven and hell, which we could compare to the themes of good and evil in the play represented by Desdemona and Iago. The language at this time of the play moves very swiftly from positive to negative, as if we can feel the evil Iago has created gradually spreading everywhere. We can also see in the quote language which is very poetic, and a great use of metaphors such as how he refers to Desdemona as a ‘cherubin’ as she seemed so good and innocent. This is unusual for Othello as earlier in the play he scorns his own use of poetic language: ‘I prattle out of fashion†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (act2scene1) Here he is referring to his speech to Desdemona after their arrival in Cyprus, and is admitting to himself that he is usually a far more plain speaker without fancy language or poetic phrases. This would suggest that either Desdemona brings out a different more romantic side in him, or that he is playing a role in front of her to convince them both that he is a perfect lover as well as soldier. Now by using this poetic style language, which he scorned before, to convey his anger the audience are struck by the feeling that he has been encompassed by some kind of change, and it signifies the success of Iago’s plan. The final scene of Othello is constructed in such a way that speeches of dramatic eloquence are entwined with straightforward dialogue. Othello is now completely convinced that he must kill Desdemona, and he tries to justify himself by saying he is doing it for the good of other men. I think another flaw in Othello’s character is that his work, fighting as a hero for his people and killing enemies, is so much a part of even his everyday life, that he has become blinded by jealousy and in a kind of madness is suggesting that killing Desdemona has to be done as part of his duty. What really makes him a tragic hero is that he had led himself to believe that what he is about to do is correct, yet he still loves her and so he is confused. Othello talks about what he is going to do as if it is something that has to be done, as if he is putting an animal out of its misery: ‘It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul:’ He thinks that he is sacrificing her to an ideal rather than murdering her in vengeful hatred. A lot of emphasis is now placed on her beauty, especially the whiteness of her skin. Othello tells himself that he has to kill Desdemona, yet he does not want to ruin this beauty: ‘Yet I’ll not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow.’ The whiteness of her skin described makes us think about her purity and innocence, and it is another contrast with colour, light things personifying goodness. This makes us think of the good and evil in the play again. He is trying to avoid marking her body as she is so pretty. Maybe he also does not want to damage her body because he is convinced that he is doing a good thing and helping her, and he doesn’t think that it needs to be a violent slaughter just a quiet sacrifice. He no longer thinks about his anger, but just wants to do what he considers has to be done. By believing what he is about to do is the right thing Othello is following the typical ‘fall’ of a tragic hero, acting on what he believes to be true and thinking that his actions are correct. Again we think of her purity and goodness when he talks about ‘putting out the light’ which personifies her as a light in reference to her life. He also refers to her as a rose, which shows that he is keen to compare her to things that appear to be nice, maybe because we know that he stills appreciates her beauty, or maybe because he see’s it as a disguise: ‘When I have plucked the rose, I cannot give it vital growth again.’ This is a euphemism for death. From the second line we know that Othello realises what he is about to do is irreversible: the words ‘vital growth’ mean that once he has plucked the rose (Desdemona) and taken her life, he cannot give it back again. This may show that he has given the murder some thought, but he certainly has not considered it rationally or thought about the consequences of his actions. It think that the way Othello is now using metaphors to describe everything it proves that he is not thinking clearly and that he is caught up in some kind of obsession, quite apart from reality. By never referring to it directly, it makes us think he is not looking at the whole situation in a sensible or wise way. By kissing Desdemona one last time, Othello shows that he is still drawn to her and loves her, yet he doesn’t want to believe it. It builds up a lot of tension for the audience because right until the last moment we are still wondering if he will reconsider and change his mind, as it is obvious there is still love there. He wants to remember her the way she was when he was in love with her, charming and beautiful and not betraying or cheating on him. It is obvious that he values perfection, and he would rather her be dead and beautiful than alive and hurting him and causing trouble. During this part of the play Othello has been so taken over by evil that, as an audience, we start to hate him and feel anger at his violence, jealousy and severe misjudgement of his wife. I think also we can recognise a certain naivety within his character, for trusting someone’s word enough to kill the person he cares for most in the world. In the final few minutes of the play when Othello is confronted with the reality of what he has done by the other men, he is full of remorse and can see that he has made a terrible mistake. He tries to remind them of the man of greatness that he once was: ‘I have done the state some service and they know’t’ Here he is remembering how noble he used to be and he is reminding them of what he has done for them all in his heroic past. Maybe he is also trying to reassure himself that he has been a good person in his life before now, and of the good things that he has achieved. He asks the men there to speak of him how he really is, and to talk about his behaviour the way it was: ‘Speak of me as I am: nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice.’ He is asking them not to excuse his actions, but not to talk of him brutally either. He wants them to tell the truth as they see or believe it, and to think about his reasons. This shows that he is trying to keep some dignity and that he values honesty in people, which suggests that still he is a good person. He describes himself as a person that does not usually get jealous, but was ‘wrought’ with it, and ‘perplexed in the extreme’. Again he uses poetic language to express how he feels: ‘Like the base Indian threw a pearl away’. Here he is using another metaphor, this time to describe how he just threw Desdemona’s life away and destroyed her, and how he was unaware of her true value and ignorant about the special person that she was. In the end all tragic heroes come to terms with what they have done, and realise that they have made terrible mistakes and have been acting without reason but on their emotions. Othello then takes the decision to end his own life, as he feels that he has been reduced to nothing and has lost everything he ever worked for. He has completely fallen from grace and meets the stereotyped image of a tragic hero perfectly as he goes from courageous hero to the disgraceful position of a murderer. He talks about himself as two people: ‘Where a malignant and a turbaned Turk, Beat a Venetian and traduced the state’ He sees himself as both an honourable soldier and a murderous lover, but he doesn’t want to live as what he has been reduced to. He can’t live with himself after realising what he has done and the full extent of his actions. He may kill himself because he feels that he deserves it for doing such a think, but I also think that his dignity plays a big part as he wants to retain some of that and his pride. He refers to himself as a ‘Turk’ in this passage, which of course his is, but he has always been recognised as part of the Venetian society, and never referred to as that. He is trying to make the point that he is their servant and enemy and will never truly be one of them because of his colour. By this we can tell that he truly has lost all his pride and self assurance, as he never made any statements about this before and always believed in himself and that he could succeed. It has all been the simple emotion of jealousy inside him that has caused the deaths of an innocent woman, a brave and noble man and a passionate love affair. I think that Othello is a true tragic hero because he goes from such a height of greatness to such shame and disgrace. He loses everything. He clearly makes his own decisions, even though he is greatly influenced by Iago. Then at the end of the play he recognises his mistakes and sees his fatal flaw: that he was too trusting of Iago and that jealousy blinded his love, and led him to become what he has. His character has changed – from the beginning of the play, where he is confident, proud and well-respected – to the end when he is remorseful, full of shame and looked down on in disgrace. However he has remained determined all the time to do what he believes, and has always been honest even though people haven’t been with him. The play evokes feelings of frustration and sadness: frustration at the ignorance of Othello about the characters around him, and sadness at the cost of his actions, and loss of an innocent life. Othello is completely in the tradition of a literary tragic hero and dies a victim of his own making. How to cite In What Ways Does The Character Of Othello Conform to Literary Tradition Of The Tragic Hero?, Papers

Outsourcing of Information Technology and Communication

Question: Discuss about the Outsourcing of Information Technology and Communication. Answer: Introduction From the perspective view of information technology, IT risk management is one of the most key use for a company's risk management. IT manages risks that are linked to the IT sector like network, desktop, mobile computing and other associated applications such as ICT, ERP, and KMS among others. Use of IT has greatly been employed in the financial service sector currently. Most of the organizations specifically bankers in the financial sector outsources IT functions like network, desktop, mobile computing and other associated applications to a third party vendor to make their procedures digital. Information technology is among the numerous valued systems that make businesses run their activities automatically. This report evaluates the risk management process concerning outsourcing of major IT functionalities within Aztek. The organization runs their operations fruitfully in the Australian financial services sector. Aztek has a portfolio of projects to for implementation with the view of automating the system within the firm's operational procedures (Pfleeger, 2003). The company has outsourced its key IT functionalities like desktop management, network and other application development from a third party vendor. Outsourcing of this functionalities will bring about a capital agreement to Aztek from the perspective of improving the flow of cash within the company. The outsourcers would be fully responsible for availing the system and service guarantee if Aztek outsourced the key IT functions from a third party. They will, however, benefit like admin of the outsourcing organization to come up with the right program by the company's specialist. The administrator will be tasked with making an individual login database in IDs for the personnel as well as perform a continuous system upgrade. Aztek will be able to have an overall information system in their surrounding through the key IT functions outsourcing project from a third party. Aztek as the outsourcer will be performing duties such as accessing, control and administration of security, installing information security software and maintaining the installed software. The company will also perform other tasks such as investigation and review of report violation, maintaining processes and policy of clients' information security, establish a relationship with its staff and customers, tactics and awareness building to use of information security system through training and others. Aztek will face the main issue of sharing data with the personnel of the outsourcer upon its implementation of outsourcing IT service project to a third party. It will be constituted by the fact that the company keeps client's information together with other several sensitive information that is related to their business such as target market, details of the bank, target customers and many other things. Financial service sector review The financial service industry is an attractive area that varies its organizational processes as time goes by. IT in financial service industry specifically in the operational procedures of Aztek have been witnessing great changes especially in the company's business process (Jin Du, 2014). The company has experienced tough competition in the financial industry which has resulted in declining in their clients' base. Moreover, the cost framework of Aztek which is uneconomic has been locked. Stiff competition has forced the company to establish extreme capacity in its organization processes and lower the profit margins. The best way of provocation to the company towards the establishment of a great risky portfolio and doing away with the margins is to embracing a marginal edge of risk thinking (Acquisti, 2008). Numerous barriers in the financial service sector restrict Aztek and make its condition worse than those of their rivals. Due to this, competition in the organizational procedu res, Aztek is operating at two medium levels as a result of slow technology development and other common factors. The financial service sector is likely to underperform in the current world with the use of IT systems in its business process. IT is one of the key critical technologies in the financial sector that makes the generation of processes automatic (Borek, 2014). There are some different types of IT system in Australian financial sector that aid in the provision of information, management of market inventory, and billing among others. Outsourcing critical IT functions will help Aztek establish a broad customer base. The company can be in a place to offer improved services to its clients through the fulfillment of their needs and attract more clients by the adoption of an information technology system in its business process (Coplan Masuda, 2011). Many business organizations within the financial service industry have outsourced their key IT functions to a third party and diversified their processes which have greatly contributed to the generation of high revenues as well as consolidation of their organization's operational processes. Realization of high-profit margins and information technology in the financial sector helps lower the complexity level and dependence on the accumulated interest. Consequently, some enterprises in the financial sector consolidate as a result of main regulation changes in their processes. The consolidation resulting from IT functionalities have led to increased assets associated with security like the use of antivirus, ant hacking technology, and others. The financia l service industry has been a great success in its business operations in the past few years due to putting these types of strategies in place (Dinsmore Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). However, not all are successful because of diversification of revenue results to a mix between interest and non-interest income. This is among the negative sides of IT systems because the third party vendor from whom Aztek outsourced their key IT functionalities acted negatively. Most bankers changed their product value from negative to positive in the financial services sector since the outsourcing of IT functions from a third party. Adoption of an IT system also saw the banking sector increase its value of products from savings to fixed deposits as well as improve the annual products value to premium products. The IT system also makes it possible for banking companies in rigid products flexibility, increase the level of advice from high to a level of having extended service and creating a new customer base and increased marketing. Provision of excellent services such as e-payments in the financial service industry provided by IT systems makes the companies in the sector make them achieve high customer retention and attracting new clients. Insurance businesses in the area have been able to shift their services from cultural products to a service culture with the help of IT systems. The financial service sector has also contributed to the improvement of the quality of service through implementation of a method that uses IT and uses IT functionalities from a third party (Schiesser, 2010). Organizations have been able to achieve fast service delivery in areas such as documentation products like billing, information, etc. through the implementation of a computer system that does not keep customers waiting for long. IT makes it possible to better the handling processes associated with claims and advice via telephone. However, the information technology within these organizations in the financial service sector faces some challenges like standardization of products because of the specialized high system, high chance of possible loss of data or hacking of the information from the system server. Introduction of the IT system in the industry has brought the business world greatly (Shah Clarke, 2009). Information technology works to ensure that business process run smoothly and the organizations reap a broad variety of benefits. Use of IT system in the financial service industry has led to a development of an automatic process involving a high range of security. Thus, IT is very key in the removal of organization's local barriers in the financial service sector as well as in any other industry. Implementation of IT system makes it possible to change the view for the organization from the perspective view of the global market. Within the IT market, some companies give hardware and software packages services for operational processes of the financial industry (Schwalbe, 2014). IT help complex organi zations achieve the value for service management in the financial sector. To create products or value in the business of financial service industry, IT has a great impact on the marginal cost that reacts directly with the revenue. Implementation of the outsourcing of key IT functions will be of great importance to operational processes of Aztek (Bellini, 2009). These include service development, process development, integration of stakeholder, improving the cost-effectiveness and globalization among other benefits. Current Practices and security posture review Outsourcing of key IT functionalities in the business process of Aztec can cause the culmination of making sense for the company which is one of the most important procedure to organizations in the financial service industry. Making sense makes it possible for organizations to scan the entire surroundings and interpret it according to with each other. The interpretation made facilitates action taking (Xu, 2013). In the view of this, outsourcing key IT functions from a third party at Aztek is an important method for maintaining security and the right operational process (Tibble, 2012). Outsourcing key IT functionalities from a third party vendor at Aztec can help in the network development and an adaptive communication process within the workplace that will allow the monitoring of the work performance of personnel (Better et al., 2008). Information technology networks like the knowledge management system or the ERP make it possible for organizations to integrate with the other with ea se. Aztek will have a lot of issues in recovering the financial resources employed in the project which is not the only the affected but also the company growth rate too. Outsourcing will present the business with a good chance of search for the right resource like appropriate vendors, competent staff, shareholders, suppliers, etc. which can drive it towards success and increased growth (Caldwell, 2008). If Aztek outsources basic IT functionalities from a third party, they will establish a wide network area incorporating staff, shareholders, suppliers as well as the connection of management to each other. This will help create the right resources to improve their employees work performance and increase its growth. According to Roper (2011), outsourcing of key IT functionalities within an organization process scanned the company's environment thus culminating it business operations. It is this view that outsourcing of major IT functions from a third party has been termed effective in the business process of the financial service industry. Implementing the outsourcing project at Aztec process will greatly address the current pressure that the company faces. This makes the outsourcing IT functions from a third party vendor is the most effective way to increase the firm's profits together with the productivity (Dogra, Khara Verma, 2007). The availed services by the third party will greatly reduce the operational costs of Aztek and hike its productivity. The outsourcing will also provide the organization with the benefit of having an IT expert who will be provided by the third party who will then train the company's staff on the technology. The company will also be fully responsible for maintaining the security of the implemented system by the third party. One of the hard parts to undertake the project will be budgetary constraint within the organizational process of Aztec. The company can achieve access to information in the financial industry and constraint the budgetary if it outsourced specific functions of IT assets (Bodea Dascalu, 2010). The process of outsourcing key IT functionalities with an enterprise in financial service sector can portray the transaction cost theory contradiction. The implementation of the outsourcing project can help the company monitor its costs in an improved way. The technology tactics also lower the product cost. Adoption of IT in the business process lower the labor needed to operate in the financial service sector which in turn reduces the operational costs. Involving a third party vendor tasks them with designing of an automatic information sharing within the network. IT resources can encourage the process of decision-making within a company and thus discourage the cost transaction theory (Jung, 2013). Outsourcing strategy will be key in the most business process of the company from the perspective view that encompasses the leveraging possibility. Thus, outsourcing the key, IT functions from a third party can lead to a strategic benefit at Aztec. The outsourcin g of IT functionalities presents Aztec with a key impact in restructuring its organizational process in the long-term return (Caron Salvatori, 2014). Third party vendor will also help the company I maintaining information security system because they are experienced in handling any time of issues that are likely to be present in the IT system. Therefore, implementation the IT functionality to outsource vendor will be of great advantage to Aztec (Nichols, 2014). Caron and Salvatori (2014) stated that outsourcing an organization's IT specializes in maintaining information security. The providers can aid in transforming the current information system for the company with the use of valuable assets to tighten the security. In this context, outsourcing key IT functions gives information for the development of the application at Aztec with the view of migrating or updating present in the application security. The critical process of outsourcing IT functionalities in the financial sector helps in saving the personnel for long-term evaluation process (Mehan, 2008). Pros and cons of outsourcing key IT functionality to a third party for many years now, Aztec has been opting to implement the project of outsourcing the key information technology functionality to the third party there are some advantage as well as disadvantage which has been associated with this these aspects are highlighted as follows. Pros Convenience: outsourcing on the key IT functionality leaves the business to focus to the other significant aspects to the business. The organization would focus to the other aspect of the business. The organization can gain more cost savings: with the outsourcing of the key IT functionality Aztec they would save the costs. The organization will only pay to the third party providers to per project or even the pay only for the hours rendered. There is no paying for any commission or even the full time salaries. Gain of more functionality from the project: The organization has the capability of gaining significantly from the functionality provided by the third parties. In most of the time the third parties usually have skills as well as technical knowhow on how to integrate the external functionalities, features along with the services which could be corporate to the organization (Dadios, 2012). Better support services for the outsourced functionality: The third parties providers could deliver extended services in regards to any upgrade or even troubleshooting functionality of an application to be able to keep the operations to run as smooth as possible. Cons Outsourcing of the key information technology functionality to the third party could seems to be a better proposition to the corporation, but before finalizing their decision to implement they need to look at the following drawbacks associated to outsourcing. Security and the privacy leakages: outsourcing entails you provide the organization with the access to the private as well as sensitive information of the organization. the organization will have less control to the access of the data. Cost: the convenience usually comes at a given price; the overall cost of utilizing the third party functionality is far much greater than if Aztec managed on their own functionality. Potential loss to reputation: The third party provider is responsible to the most vital functions within the organization. In the event they make a mistake this could be reflected directly to the business and the clients may not accept any passing of this shortcoming to the subcontractor the business outsourced (Dadios, 2012). Threats, vulnerabilities and consequences assessment As a result of developments and innovations in the area of technology, there have been huge effects on the process of interaction between banks and counterparties, customers, and also suppliers and how they do their daily activities (Dadios, 2012). Organizations in the financial sector are facing challenges and problems in responding, innovating and adapting to different chances presented by networks, technological solutions, as well as computer systems. IT presents banks with many opportunities and also helping them expand their services and products (Drummond, 2011). However, IT dynamic come with various risks. Security threats affect organizations in the financial service sector like Aztec via some vulnerabilities. Outsourcing of one IT system cannot be enough to guard the entire Aztek system with a public network (Gottschalk, 2009). The organization can improve the effectiveness of the security of the IT system by establishing different testing, control and monitoring procedures that can help curb the impending risks that depend on different factors (Kim, 2012). Despite the use of IT services bringing numerous benefits to companies like Aztek, outsourcing of IT functions has posed threats to many organizations (Dey Kinch, 2008). Focusing from the time before when technology was not widely employed to the current time, various threats have been developed within the financial sector. The possible threats that the company is likely to face are: Customer protection-customer protection is very important in internet financial service. The organization should ensure that its customers are well protected, and allowance to access of sensitive customers' information should be well monitored (Mercuri Neumann, 2011). Aztek faces the threat of hacking that may expose its information and that of other stakeholders in danger. Data confidentiality this is the protection of confidential information from unintended parties and unauthorized access. Aztek faces a threat the ability to protect information via software and also data loss. Through outsourcing, the company will not be sure of the IT environment of the third party hence chances of external attacks. System availability- the system needed to maintain public confidence through an online framework is of high quality. The company is not sure of the quality of the resources hence a threat. System integrity-this is the reliability, completeness, and accuracy of information being processed, transmitted and stored between Aztek and customers (Parley, 2010). This faces flaws from the process of outsourcing hence a threat. Vulnerabilities of outsourcing IT services Financial service companies may be misled due to the security dangers exposures and danger of becoming a victim of a breach of security which might cause serious issues for the organizations and their customers (Peng et al., 2009). Aztek faces the current automatic system of managing vulnerability which is highly used for monitoring the information risks that have portrayed flaws which can't resolve the results. The effect can include wrong security vulnerabilities, possible exploitation as a result of cybercriminals, inefficient use of IT resources and outdated IT resources that cause high employee turnover. With the concern such as the increase in the computer crimes as well as the growing control of the government over the practices as well as the protection of the private information, the real focus should be whether or even not to outsource the information technology application is a viable option given the associated risks in the data security. Whether an organization is hiring the third party for the support of the desktop, security testing or even the monitoring of the network, the greater the number of the electronic assets the organization has the greater is the risk to management of the assets (Acquisti, 2008).. The potential for any loss increases given the endless amount of the data which has been stored to various computers. Most of the information technology consultants are trustworthy but also some are not. Seemingly some of the bad individuals are doing bad things especially when the applications have been outsourced (Acquisti, 2008). It is important to not before giving up the information technology reigns, there is need to consider a few things. The information technology related issues need to be viewed in terms of the perspective of the hacker. It means one should consider what could happen if ones confidential data gets into the wrong hands. Most of the outsourced information technology application entails someone somewhere have access to a portion. This could translate to the full access to the data of the corporate organization which is stored to the local drives or potentially, network which are shared. There are various risks that Aztec face in the project of outsourcing key IT functionalities. The company needs to come up with proper risk management process in place of outsourcing their key IT functions. To have an effective implementation process of the IT project, the company can follow the following risk management procedure; Risk identification Risk assessment Risk treatment Risk reporting and monitoring The security issues that the project faces from the third party include: Access of the outsourcer to the company's data- when Aztek outsources IT functionality, it will give the third party authority to access staff information. The outsourcer has no idea on what information is crucial to achieving high data security. Data destruction, backup, and retention- this is the main issue faced by financial service sector when an organization outsources IT functionality from a third party vendor (Prado, 2011). Most of the third parties do not mention on the data destruction, backup and retention during the agreement of implementing the project. Sharing resources of the computers with the outsourcer- as the outsourcer is the major player in the project within a firm, Aztek has to provide permission to access information to the outsourcer. Other security issues are: Determination of program and data ownership and audit rights of information security to the outsourcer Process of controlling outsourcing security issues To control the above security issues upon Aztek outsourcing information technology from a third party, the company need to maintain the following procedure: Controlling offshore operation: an organization within the service sector need to manage employment and physical security that equate to its organizational process. High security will be a vital step for the approach of addressing these problems. Applying rigorous security policy will be the best procedures for Aztek on the implementation of the outsourcing IT functionalities to a third party. Access rights: when Aztek involves the third party in providing IT services, they will have to communicate properly about access rights for the outsourcers staff. Necessary equipment and the process will be the right security way for data security. Aztek has to come up with profiles for each person within their company as well as outsourcers staff. The company will agree and append signatures with the outsourcer for changing the passwords or access control in the case when the team change their roles or quit the job. The same procedure will be applied when a new person joins the organization. Password and User accounts: to establish proper security in the company, Aztek has to agree with their idea of outsourcer and create individual user accounts for the staff and clients. Customers information will be required to establish a program that requires a password. To make a standard password, the company need to conduct a review from getting a safe online group. A good password should be that composed of at least 10 characters length both letters and numbers. Authentication: authentication is a great issue in any industry that has information security system. The authentication should be maintained in a way that it protects customers data. Data backup: Aztek has to carry out an appropriate risk assessment of the data security in the impending threats. It can be enabled by use of an encryption method and a continuous review on the level of the encryption. Conclusion This report has provided detailed information regarding IT process if an organization in the financial sector outsources its key IT functionalities from a third party. The case study is an Australian firm operating in the financial industry. The report analyses all relevant information about IT functions in the financial service together with the legal framework. The report also compares the current practices at Aztek and the impact of the current project on its organizational process. The last section is composed of the threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of assessment and data security in conclusion. IT plays a key role in businesses in the financial sector as well as any other sector. It, however, has possible risks that should be highly guarded to reap its benefits. References Acquisti, A. (2008).Digital privacy. New York: Auerbach Publications. Bellini, C. (2009). Mastering Information Management.Journal Of Global Information Technology Management,12(4), 79-81. Better, M., Glover, F., Kochenberger, G., Wang, H. (2008). Simulation optimization: applications in risk management.International Journal Of Information Technology Decision Making,07(04), 571-587. Bodea, C., Dascalu, M. (2010). IT Risk Evaluation Model Using Risk Maps and Fuzzy Inference.International Journal Of Information Technology Project Management,1(2), 79-97. Borek, A. (2014).Total information risk management. Waltham, MA: Morgan Kaufmann. Caldwell, F. (2008). Risk intelligence: applying KM to information risk management.VINE,38(2), 163-166. Caron, F., Salvatori, F. (2014). Managing Information for a Risk Based Approach to Stakeholder Management.International Journal Of Information Technology Project Management,5(2), 30-43. Coplan, S., Masuda, D. (2011).Project management for healthcare information technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Dadios, E. (2012). Fuzzy-Neuro Model for Intelligent Credit Risk Management.Intelligent Information Management,02(25), 251-260. Dey, P., Kinch, J. (2008). Risk management in information technology projects.International Journal Of Risk Assessment And Management,9(3), 311. doi:10.1504/ijram.2008.019747 Dinsmore, P., Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011).The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Dogra, B., Khara, N., Verma, R. (2007).Strategic outsourcing. New Delhi: Deep Deep Publications Pvt. Drummond, H. (2011). MIS and illusions of control: an analysis of the risks of risk management.J Inf Technol,26(4), 259-267. Gottschalk, P. (2009). Knowledge management technology for organized crime risk assessment.Inf Syst Front,12(3), 267-275. Jin, M., Du, Z. (2014).Management Innovation and Information Technology.SOUTHAMPTON: WIT Press. Jung, H. (2013).Future information communication technology and applications. Dordrecht: Springer. Kim, H. (2012).Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. Mehan, J. (2008).CyberWar, CyberTerror, CyberCrime. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Mercuri, R., Neumann, P. (2011). Inside risks: system integrity revisited.Commun. ACM,44(1), 160. Nichols, A. (2014).A guide to effective internal management system audits. Ely, Cambridgeshire,UK: IT Governance Pub. Parley, F. (2010). What does vulnerability mean?.British Journal Of Learning Disabilities,39(4), 266-276. Peng, Y., Kou, G., Wang, G., Wang, H., Ko, F. (2009). Empirical evaluation of classifiers for software risk management.International Journal Of Information Technology Decision Making,08(04), 749-767. Pfleeger, C. (2003).Security in computing(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. Prado, E. (2011). Risk analysis in outsourcing of information technology and communication.JISTEM,8(3), 605-618. Schiesser, R. (2010).IT systems management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Schwalbe, K. (2014).Information technology project management. Boston, MA: Course Technology. Shah, M., Clarke, S. (2009).E-banking management. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Tibble, I. (2012).Security de-engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Xu, B. (2013).2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Management Science (ICITMS 2012) proceedings. Berlin: Springer.

Late Childhood Essays - Speech Impediments, Language Acquisition

Arch Dis Child 2009; 94:42-46 doi:10.1136/adc.2007.134114 ?Original article ?The effects of bilingualism on stuttering during late childhood + Author Affiliations 1.1 Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK 2.2 Department of Language and Communication Science, City University, London, UK 1.Peter Howell, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; [emailprotected] ?Accepted 24 June 2008 ?Published Online First 9 September 2008 Abstract Objectives: To examine stuttering by children speaking an alternative language exclusively (LE) or with English (BIL) and to study onset of stuttering, school performance and recovery rate relative to monolingual speakers who stutter (MONO). Design: Clinical referral sample with supplementary data obtained from speech recordings and interviews. Setting: South-East England, 1999?2007. Participants: Children aged 8?12 plus who stuttered (monolingual and bilingual) and fluent bilingual controls (FB). Main outcome measures: Participants? stuttering history, SATS scores, measures of recovery or persistence of stuttering. Results: 69 (21.8%) of 317 children were bilingual. Of 38 children who used a language other than English at home, 36 (94.7%) stuttered in both languages. Fewer LE (15/38, 39.5%) than BIL (23/38, 60.5%) children stuttered at first referral to clinic, but more children in the fluent control sample were LE (28/38, 73.7%) than BIL (10/38, 26.3%). The association between stuttering and bilingual group (LE/BIL) was significant by 2 test; BIL speakers have more chance of stuttering than LE speakers. Ages at stuttering onset and male/female ratio for LE, BIL and MONO speakers were similar (4 years 9 months, 4 years 10 months and 4 years 3 months, and 4.1:1, 4.75:1 and 4.43:1, respectively). Educational achievement was not affected by bilingualism relative to the MONO and FB groups. The recovery rate for the LE and MONO controls together (55%) was significantly higher by 2 test than for the BIL group (25%). Conclusions: BIL children had an increased risk of stuttering and a lower chance of recovery from stuttering than LE and MONO speakers. Bilingualism has been regarded as a risk factor for stuttering.1 2 However, there is little information about how a second language affects the chances of stuttering onset and of recovery. Consequently, a study was conducted on all referrals for stuttering for children first seen when they were between 8 and 10 years of age who attended clinics that specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of stuttering. Children who used a second language in the pre-school years either (a) exclusively (these learned English at school, termed LE) or (b) along with English in the home (bilingual from birth, termed BIL) were selected. The majority of the children were seen again when they were aged 12 plus. Prevalence rates of stuttering for LE and BIL children as compared with all referrals were examined to determine if a disproportionate number of speakers of a language other than English is referred to stuttering clinics. Checks were made to verify that the LE and BIL children were stuttering by c omparing age at stuttering onset and gender ratio for these speaker groups against monolingual speakers from a referral sample who stuttered (MONO). Early school performance of LE and BIL children who stuttered was compared with that of a MONO group and bilingual children who were fluent (the fluent bilingual group, termed FB). The patterns of onset and recovery in the LE, BIL and MONO groups were compared. METHODS Participants and sub-groups A total of 317 children who stuttered participated. They all (a) started school in the UK at age 4 or 5, (b) first presented at a clinic when aged between 8 and 10 years and (c) lived in the greater London area. Stuttering was confirmed by a specialist speech-language therapist at the clinic. Reported onset of stuttering usually occurs before age 6. The attendance at clinic 2 or more years later is partly due to the time needed to process children in the health system; these are secondary referrals to the specialist clinic and devolved budgets to local area health authorities can cause delay. Recordings were taken to estimate the percentage of stuttered syllables and to allow the stuttering severity instrument measure SSI-33 to be applied (see below for details of how SSI-3 was calculated). When each child was seen initially, all 317 caregivers were asked whether they used a language

Hamlet Essays (732 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays

Hamlet Essays (732 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays Hamlet Prince Hamlet devotes himself to avenging his father's death, but, because he is contemplative and thoughtful by nature, he delays, entering into a deep melancholy and even apparent madness. Claudius and Gertrude worry about the prince's erratic behavior and attempt to discover its cause. They employ a pair of Hamlet's friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to watch him. When Polonius, the pompous Lord Chamberlain, suggests that Hamlet may be mad with love for his daughter, Ophelia, Claudius agrees to spy on Hamlet in conversation with the girl. But though Hamlet certainly seems mad, he does not seem to love Ophelia: he orders her to enter a nunnery and declares that he wishes to ban marriages. A group of traveling actors comes to Elsinore, and Hamlet seizes upon an idea to test his uncle's guilt. He will have the players perform a scene closely resembling the sequence by which Hamlet imagines his uncle to have murdered his father, so that if Claudius is guilty, he will surely react. When the moment of the murder arrives in the theater, Claudius leaps up and leaves the room. Hamlet and Horatio agree that this proves his guilt. Hamlet goes to kill Claudius but finds him praying. Since he believes that killing Claudius while in prayer would send Claudius's soul to heaven, Hamlet considers that it would be an inadequate revenge and decides to wait. Claudius, now frightened of Hamlet's madness and fearing for his own safety, orders that Hamlet be sent to England at once. Hamlet goes to confront his mother, in whose bedchamber Polonius has hidden behind a tapestry. Hearing a noise from behind the tapestry, Hamlet believes the king is hiding there. He draws his sword and stabs through the fabric, killing Polonius. For this crime, he is immediately dispatched to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. However, Claudius's plan for Hamlet includes more than banishment, as he has given Rosencrantz and Guildenstern sealed orders for the King of England demanding that Hamlet be put to death. In the aftermath of her father's death, Ophelia goes mad with grief and drowns in the river. Polonius's son, Laertes, who has been staying in France, returns to Denmark in a rage. Claudius convinces him that Hamlet is to blame for his father's and sister's deaths. When Horatio and the king receive letters from Hamlet indicating that the prince has returned to Denmark after pirates attacked his ship en route to England, Claudius concocts a plan to use Laertes' desire for revenge to secure Hamlet's death. Laertes will fence with Hamlet in innocent sport, but Claudius will poison Laertes' blade so that if he draws blood, Hamlet will die. As a backup plan, the king decides to poison a goblet, which he will give Hamlet to drink should Hamlet score the first or second hits of the match. Hamlet returns to the vicinity of Elsinore just as Ophelia's funeral is taking place. Stricken with grief, he attacks Laertes and declares that he had in fact always loved Ophelia. Back at the castle, he te lls Horatio that he believes one must be prepared to die, since death can come at any moment. A foolish courtier named Osric arrives on Claudius's orders to arrange the fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes. The sword-fighting begins. Hamlet scores the first hit, but declines to drink from the king's proffered goblet. Instead, Gertrude takes a drink from it and is swiftly killed by the poison. Laertes succeeds in wounding Hamlet, though Hamlet does not die of the poison immediately. First, Laertes is cut by his own sword's blade, and, after revealing to Hamlet that Claudius is responsible for the queen's death, he dies from the blade's poison. Hamlet then stabs Claudius through with the poisoned sword and forces him to drink down the rest of the poisoned wine. Claudius dies, and Hamlet dies immediately after achieving his revenge. At this moment, a Norwegian prince named Fortinbras, who has led an army to Denmark and attacked Poland earlier in the play, enters with ambassadors from England, who report that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. Fortinbras is stunned by the gruesome sight of the entire royal family lying sprawled on the floor dead. He moves

Intangible Assets, IAS 38 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intangible Assets, IAS 38 - Essay Example Another criterion of identifying these assets is from contractual or other legal rights. Examples of these intangible assets would include patents, customer lists, copyrights and computer software. Some of these can be included in the financial statements of a given firm. The sale of computer software would indeed be included in a financial statement. Computer software is a person’s intelligence converted into programs acceptable to the computer platform. Intelligence is an asset that one would not see, touch or physically measure yet the products developed from the same are of great value (Alexander, Britton, & Jorissen, 2010). Looking at these intangible assets in this perspective, that they can be converted onto tangible assets then one would rightly argue that they should be included in the financial statements of the company. Internally generated brands are those products that are unique to a given firm only. The uniqueness comes into play owing to the fact that they are generated right within the company. They are not bought from outside then sold from the firm but are those generated from within the company (ibid). They are born of the intangible assets within the firm. Software manufacturing companies are most commonly known for this. Examples of these are Avast, Kaspersky, as well as Avira. These are software manufactured by different companies thus the difference in uniqueness. Lots of debates have been put forward criticizing the inclusion of these internally generated brands into the financial statements. Whichever way one decides to look at it, their inclusion would have advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in the following discourse. The main advantage lies on the fact that not a lot of monetary resources would be used in their creation. The normal monthly salary of the employee is all it takes to make an employee working in a given firm employ the best of his/her intelligence to the firm. The resulting products from an

Howard Street Jewelers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Howard Street Jewelers - Case Study Example This gave her a good chance of covering up her fraudulent actions. Many frauds of this nature are made possible by ignorance of owners when it comes to studying books of accounts and awarding of a lot of trust to employees which is dangerous. The fraud was detected due to the receipts from the shop that showed high costs for such a small business. Studying of the account books by Alvin more often also allowed them to detect the fraud. The Levi’s should have paid attention to Betty’s lifestyle as it was changing inconcurently with her earnings. The increase in costs of operation for the shop should have also been a sufficient heads up. The ratios of costs of operation and the size of the business are the ones that raised an alarm to the accountant. In addition, the shop was facing downward movement in terms of profits and earnings. The business was going downhill. The cash shortages were not directly related to the fraud. The reason why businesses have cash shortages even if there is no theft of cash is because of the exaggerated receipts that show high operational costs. The accountant does not bear any responsibility because he is an external accountant and doing an audit for a private business is not one of his legal duties. He is only expected to do it if contracted by the owners of the private business (Petrucelli

Intellectual Property Rights And The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies Essay

Intellectual Property Rights And The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies Essay With a gross annual turnover of $750 billion per year the fashion industry is at the forefront of the worlds economy. Unlike most other goods, people demand fashion not for the added value or feature that a new item brings but for its own sake. People (mostly females) of all ages pour over magazines showing the latest celebrity fashions and then go out to retail fashion shows or browse online in search of something similar. This demand for the latest style of the rich and famous has transpired into a business network with an influence across the globe. This global business has brought with it many legal issues. Particularly important is the copying of the celebrity fashion that the masses seem to want. This essay will be broken into three parts. The first part will examine the current state of the law both in Australia and other jurisdictions. The second part will ask how the law can be changed in Australia to give greater protection to the fashion industry and the third part will lo ok at whether or not this change is necessary for the industry to grow. I will argue that the law needs to be reformed in such a way that copying is prohibited but flocking (following celebrity styles) isnt. IP law the reasons for its existence. The standard argument for the existence of intellectual property rights is that without them copyists will free ride on the creative efforts of others. Since most creative efforts are sold for economic gain absent any intellectual property rights the creators will see no incentive in creating when others can copy their designs and profit from it. The market for books, movies and music is protected from industrial copying in Australia by the Copyright Act. This act prevents the mass scale production of these creative works without licence or prior approval (with certain exceptions). This protection, gives the industry the comfort of knowing that its protected from the free-riding act of copyists. Albeit a creative work, the fashion industry remains vastly unprotected in many parts of the world. In Australia the Designs act of 2003 (which replaced the designs act of 1906) is the primary form of protection of designs for the industry. It is helpful to note at this point that the sketche s of designs are protected by the Copyright Act. Similarly, a new invention in clothing for example a new material that can keep one warm in winter and cold in summer would be protected by the Patents Act. This essay however is not concerned with those acts and their advantages or limitations. This essay is concerned with the protection of designs designs, researched and manufactured by the big designer houses and then copied by the high street for the masses. In a bid to regulate themselves from copying because of the absence of any laws to protect them the Fashion Originators Guild of America started self regulating the industry as early as the 1930s. Their method of regulation was to have designs registered with the Guild and any other firm copying these designs d be boycotted by members of the guild. The guilds activities were ruled as a violation of U.S. antitrust laws by virtue of a decision of the U.S. Supreme court in 1941. What concern us though are not the contents of that case, but rather whether the Guilds efforts in protecting intellectual property caused an increase in innovation and more frequent designs. Randal Picker suggests that the guilds efforts go to show that there was a need by the high end designers for this type of protection. He goes on to argue that the very theory of fashion means that the high end designers would only thrive in a market which was heavily regulated. This is because they market goods to a niche of customers who want to have what no one else has. These designers offer their customers unique one of a kind products and their customers purchase these because of the snob appeal these customers want only what others dont have. If there is no protection for their designs these designs would be copied by the high street stores and then the snob appeal of these goods will be lost. This means that these customers will not be willing to pay such high prices for these goods as they do not see a differential value in them. Although this copying has been around for almost a century and a half the problem is worsening due to improvements in information technology. The internet provides simultaneous access to fashions worldwide especially the European fashion weeks where big designers usually display their stuff and these are copied almost immediately. The poor quality of these copies means that some of these producers can get the products out to the market faster than the original desig ners. This means that once the designers products hit the market they have already lost their unique appeal. Further, since this fast fashion run-offs have become more highly sophisticated; the copyists can wait to even see which of the products seem to sell the most before they decide what to produce and they can then produce these trend setting items without having to take on the risk that their investment might not pay off. The basic theory of intellectual property would find this appalling. The big design houses spend millions of dollars on salaries for designers, researching market trends and organising expensive processes and fashion shows. Copyists however free ride on this work and produce cheaper substitutes. According to the traditional theory of IP this should lead to an economic disincentive on the part of the big fashion houses causing them to research and produce less. However the converse is true. We see that the bigger fashion houses continue to produce new creations every single year and the glamour of their products only increase. In order to understand why the standard disincentive is not in place we will need to look at the theory of fashion. The Theory of fashion Fashion theory dates back several hundred years. The Haute Couture stores of France were the powerhouses of fashion. No sooner was an item launched was it copied in America and sold to a larger market for much cheaper. It is important to make the distinction between close copying on the one hand (making replicas) and participating in trends on the other. Fashion changes often with some styles emerging as trends only to be soon replaced by other styles rising quickly to take its place. The demand for fashion is not merely a physical need although some people will wish to buy a new coast when their old one tears or a new cardigan because their old one looks worn. Fashion is more accurately a cultural expression. According to the fashion theory the theory of the leisure class fashion is usually adopted by elites with the purpose of being different from the masses. The masses then admire and demands goods that will emulate the elites. Consequently the elites abandon the older fashion, which has now been copied by the masses in favour of newer items that will distinguish them from the masses. This first theory of fashion suggests that fashion is driven by a an aspiration of social mobility on one hand (the masses trying to emulate the elite) and social stratification on the other (the elite trying to distinguish themselves from the masses) The other major theory is that of collective selection whereby fashion evolves through the collective process where many people, through their individual choices come to form the collective trend in society. The process of trend formation begins vaguely with a few people buying something of a unique design in the emulation of a celebrity and others copying it until a trend is formed. This theory is not purely about copying the elite, rather it is people following fashion because they desire to be in fashion and associate themselves with the latest styles and trends. This theory also called the Zeitgeist theory works through a matter of individual choice and collective social tastes. Whatever the theory prevalent in society one thing is certain and that is that the masses cannot afford the styles of the elite. Very few people in our society can afford t shirts from Armani and jackets from Polo Ralph Lauren. These large fashion house brands retail items at several hundred dollars apiece making it unaffordable to the masses. Fast fashion copying is the solution. The fast fashion outlets like Zara and Forever 21 provide these trend setting items at a fraction of the cost of the designer houses. One must not be mistaken here that they make exact copies of these items, because they dont. Rather their in house designers make inspirational pieces following the same trend but different. The items are visually similar to the ones of the high fashion houses and this is what many times has come before the courts under the Designs Act 2003 (Australia). Many of these fast fashion firms have shops on large high streets and have built themselves into a business empire. State of the law in Australia In Australia until the 17th June 2004 designs were protected by the Designs Act of 1906. According to the older legislation in order to register the design the design had to be: Features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include a method or principle of construction This legislation did not strike a balance between what are considered ideal objectives of design legislation; to protect designs form free riding competitors but yet at the same time not stifle competition too much because innovation is usually a development on a previous design. The older legislation was also impractical for the fashion industry because of the nature of the law itself. According to the old law the applicant had to file a separate design registration for each variation to the similar product. This is impractical as many items of fashion come in different colours and sizes. Further the design application needed to be examined by the designs office before registration was granted. This meant that designs had to be submitted before they could be registered. This too was impractical to the fashion industry for a number of reasons. Firstly, by the time the process of submitting the design and registration was complete the item would already have gone out of fashion given the relatively fast lifecycle of fast fashion. Further submitting the designs would mean the designs would have to be completed earlier. Usually designers work on their designs until the last minute before the official launch working on extras until hours before the design goes public. The old designs regulation was clearly impractical for fashion and the replacement legislation in the form of the Designs Act of 2003 hoped to iron out some of the problems. Under this act the fashion industry benefitted heavily as protection was obtainable for more than one design (colour or size) of the same product. . However the official government fees for this is a drawback to the registration of more than one design of the same product. Under the new act the fees for the first design is $200 and for every variation of that design a further $200. This heavy cost especially for the mid budget fashion houses is disadvantageous. Further the new legislation permits the design to be registered even before a full examination of the product is undertaken. This gives time for the producers to tweak the designs even until the last minute before they are released. However, the examination whilst not compulsory needs to take place before the owner can take action against anyone who infringes on this design. Getting this inspection carried out is costly, costing $360 per variation of a design, and requires a lot of paper work; in the form of photographs and a Statement of Newness and Distinctiveness explaining how this design is new and distinctive from any others on the market (without which the registrar might not be satisfied that the product is new and distinctive). The courts have taken an interesting approach to the question of designs in the fashion industry. The first decision to be handed down after the enactment of the Designs Act 2003 was the Federal Court of Australias decision in Review v Innovative Lifestyle Investments Pty Ltd and concerned a dress produced by Review and registered of which Innovative Lifestyle Investments produced an identical design. Justice Jessup found that the striking visual similarity between the designs and the time period in which they were produced (the ILI dress coming out only a few months after Reviews) was an indication that the registered design was breached. However, calculating damages was difficult because Review did not wish to submit its sales figures to the court. Thus Justice Jessup awarded Review $7500 in damages due to minor loss of reputation as not being a brand of originality and another $10,000 for ILI continuing the sale of the dresses after finding out about Reviews registration. ILI plan s on appealing the decision so it will be interesting to see what decision the appellate court hands down. This case shows that whilst there is sufficient legal protection in Australia for the protection of designs there are several limits to the protection. One such limitation is time. It took about seven months for the Review design to be registered. Items which are not timeless items like Reviews dress would have the long passed their fashion expiry before the registration of these items were completed. Since action cannot be taken until registration is completed this would mean that many designers would potentially not be willing to take action as the product would no longer be an item in stock. Further the need by the judges to assess the loss in sales would require firms to furnish in court their sales and projected sales figures. This might be highly sensitive information that they would not want competitors, in the highly competitive market, to know. Finally the value of dam ages awarded in this case was not high against ILI. If this case is anything to go by the exemplary damages are arguably not sufficient to deter copying. Rather many copyists would see this as merely the cost of doing business. Copying of items in the fashion industry can also be protected by copyright law. The copyright law provisions are used when there is an artistic or craftsmanship appeal to the garment. Protection under this provision was brought before the courts in 2008 by Elwood a manufacturer of trendy youth clothes. Elwood alleged that Cotton On had violated its copyright for two computer generated drawings; the New Deal tshirt and the swing tags attached to these garments. They alleged that Cotton On had sold several hundred tshirts which were visually similar to the New Deal tshirts. Cotton On conceded that the only difference was the wording but otherwise they had copied the design drawings. The first question the court had to answer was whether the designs drawings were drawings and thus entitled to protection under the act (as artistic works). The key to answering this question was whether the wording was to be read as text or whether they were for pictorial purposes. The court found that th ey were a pictorial which was designed to bring recognition to the Elwood brand. Accordingly the design drawings were the subject of the Copyrights Act. After determining that the designs were copyright works, the judge had to determine whether they were original Elwood drawings. The judge found on the evidence that this was an original drawing as Elwood had spent several weeks and a lot of effort creating them and thus they satisfied the originality criteria. That being assessed the judge had to then work out whether what Cotton on had copied amounted to a substantial part. In his honours opinion Cotton On had copied only the shape and the form of the item and not the wording or symbols of the design and thus did not create a visual similarity with Elwoods design. His honour said that the degree of copying was in keeping with Cotton Ons theme, same but different. We see here that even through copyright law it is hard for the copyright holders to have protection for their designs. The problem of free riding occurs when larger companies like Elwood carry out research and spend both time and money creating the brand and fashion statement. The copyists then free ride on this and tweak the designs slightly so that they can get around the law and as such they benefit from the hard work and risk taking of other firms. The Design/Copyright Overlap Whereas copyright law must encompass an element of artistic craftsmanship (such as the digital designs of both the tshirt and the tag in the Elwood case) or used to protect one off designs such as individual garments or pieces of jewellery; garments which are commercially marketed need to be protected by the Designs Act. For many years governments have been trying hard to emphasise this distinction. Their rationale suggests that when it comes to the shape and appearance of designs the Designs Act is more appropriate and people wanting their items to be mass produced for commercial sales should register their designs. To give effect to this policy the government has included provisions in the copyright act to close the loopholes that existed in previous legislation. Some of the provisions intend that purely two dimensional designs will have dual protection under the copyright and designs act. The other main change is that people creating works of artistic craftsmanship can choose whet her or not to register the design (but registering will generally result in a loss of copyright). It follows that the design copyright overlap has been made clearer as a result of the amended designs act and changes to the Copyrights Act. This has been the governments attempt to make the laws clearer and friendlier to give designers a more protected environment in which to carry out their work. It can be seen however, that the cost of registering the designs as well as the cost of enforcement of the registered design (litigation and related costs) are high in comparison to the damages receivable especially if the original designer is hesitant to make too many figures known to the court. Further, especially for claims under the Copyrights Act, the burden of proof is very high. The courts have been very careful to interpret the word substantial and as was seen in the Elwood case, although the copyright was found in favour of Elwood the court held the outcome in favour of Cotton On because they said that the visual appearance was not substantially similar to the Elwood design. This decision begs the question as to whether items can be copied so long as the colour and wording has changed. Whilst this might be perfectly acceptable in other industries, judges fail to understand the uniqueness of fashion, where it is not the item itself that matters but the advertising, marketing and style promotion than creates the trend for the item. It is arguable then that when considering designs and copyright protection the court should look deeply into merely just the design or drawing and focus on the value of the design or drawing in creating the trend fashion. That said, it is difficult to assess where exactly the trend originated. Some argue that the trend originates with the celebrities in Hollywood and others argue that the trends originate from the catwalks of Europe. These claims are however disputable as there are new and emerging fashion design centres around the world especially in Australia where the seasons are opposite to those of the countries in the Northern hemisphere making it impractical to follow their trends. Thus the onus of proving who started a trend might eventually mean that there is no protection for any designer since all fast fashion designs are usually a variation of some trend or item. Reforms: The US lacks fashion copyright protection completely and this has given rise to an entire industry that copies and tweaks. Fashion industry specialists call this blatant piracy looking great for cheap. One fashion expert reports that a high street fashion brand like Forecer 21 copies and retails a $2000 dress for $80 and even shoes by the renowned designer Balenciaga worth over $600 dollars is copied and sold by Steve Madden for $60. The lack of adequate safeguards in the US as opposed to Australia is the cause of this. Experts say that the up and coming designers are those at the biggest risk because they can ill afford the legislation needed to fight back. The Australian law can perhaps take some ideas for reform from the amendments suggested by the US Copyrights office. The first as a part of several suggestions is that the protection time frame be reduced from 10 years to 3 years. This is because the haute couture fashion where items retail for several hundred dollars a piece will usually have lost their exclusivity or reached the end of their fashion peak well within the three years. Although designs change fast a reason for the longer period of three years is to also include classic fashion items like the Guy suit by Hugo Boss. Another reform that has been suggested that we might adopt in Australia is that registration must be completed and take place within three months from the date that it goes public. This means that once a design is registered the designer has upto three months to organise for the inspection to be carried out for the item. This gives the designer more flexibility to decide which designs are profitable and then decide which ones he wants to register thus saving on the costs of statutory fees and paperwork. Finally they suggest that there be a special fashion board set up to deal with the fashion industry where a group of experts independently asses the item such that they can better understand the subtleties of a new design as opposed to an old one and thus the granting of registration will be fairer. Along with this Ralph Brown suggests that in order to make the enforcing more affordable this board be also given the power to handle conflicts. He argues that this be the first instance board that reviews the complaints that designers have if they feel that their designs have been breached. This board should be entrusted with the power to make a non binding directive (after analysing the evidence) in favour of or against the claimant. He argues that because this board will be made up of fashion experts they will be in a better position to analyse the breaches. If Australia had a system like this, then the Elwood decision might not have been decided the way it was. This board would have b een able to realise the subtleties of the trend style which His Honour in that case failed to see. In other words they will interpret the law in the context of the industry and not on the black letter analysis of the law. He concedes that the court is the ultimate arbitrator and he argues that if one or both parties are not willing to settle based on the boards directive then they could appeal the decision to court. The rationale for this approach is that to save costs and reputation most firms will settle out of court. What is important in any reform is having a balance between protecting the designs of those whose spend time, skill and money developing the latest fashions against the interests of the masses who want to be in fashion and who are willing to buy the cheaper counterfeits. The recommendations mentioned above would definitely allow designers to make the most of protecting their designs and their investments. In keeping with the standard theory of intellectual property i t is likely to increase investment in the industry. The large fashion houses might be willing to come up with more designs, and varieties of designs because they feel that there is an inexpensive way of enforcing their intellectual property rights. At the same time younger designers will be willing to release more designs into the market because they feel that they are better protected and can enforce their intellectual property system in a way that is understandable and cost effective to them. On the other hand the method proposed above would benefit the high street fast fashion firms as a trained eye in the board is likely to be able to spot the difference between blatant copying and trends. Zara for example will be able to produce in the confidence that when they produce dresses a trained eye in the design board will be able to easily tell that theirs is not an imitation of an original dress but rather a variation in style but within the scope of trends. This is something that the judges find hard to understand because as Susan Scaffidi (one of the most prolific fashion law writers) put it it is hard to have a sixty seventy year old white man look at an item of chic ladies fashion and decide whether or not copyright has been breached. Another proposed reform is that the costs of applying for design can be reduced by the government. The UWA faculty of law expert has written that making the registration process cheaper might be possible by maintaining an online database of all the designs. He argues that if design registration is cheaper more designers are going to seek it and this will be better for the intellectual property regime. The bigger fashion houses also argue that their selling point is that their styles are unique and those who purchase from them pay so much because of the snob appeal of the item. They argue that with so much copying their unique designs become less unique and as such they have to keep designing more items to keep up the unique appeal. Alain Wertheimer , Chairman of Chanel when asked about this in an interview to the Newsweek said that because of the vast amount of copying going on in the industry people are willing to pay less and less for designer clothes as they see no snob appeal in them. She says that as a result the bigger fashion houses are finding it hard to survive and that her brand too has had to undergo diversification to survive. Donatella Versace arguing on the same point says that Versace has had to diversify into manufacturing lifestyle items and dinner sets too because of insufficient protection by the government. Raustiala and Sprigman, in their article the Piracy Paradox argue very strongly that a strong intellectual property regime will not change anything. They argue that people keep demanding the latest trends and as long as the demand is there the suppliers will continue to provide for it. They also argue that the market will not change by much because the masses will not be able to afford the original designs anyway. They rationalise this theory to a fixed amount that people are willing to pay for items even if they were Zeitegists. This is because after a point fashion becomes a luxury good and the demand is therefore inelastic. People, they argue, after a point are not willing to sacrifice necessities for luxury goods and will do one of two things, either do without it or be content with older collections. They further argue in direct rebuttal to the claims of Alain Wertheimer and Donatella Versace that as a result of the big fashion house designs being copied and reproduced people who demand the unique style that comes with these designer products will keep purchasing more and it is good for their business. Their rebuttal to this is found in their theory of induced obsolescence. They argue that because clothing is about perception the demand for the goods is because the highly fashionable people have them and to not have them means that one is unfashionable. They also argue that in line with the theory of the leisure class that once more people have it those who demand unique products will want something else for the snob appeal. They argue that this causes the cycle all over again. Thus we can see that as more items are copied this puts pressure on the fashion houses to produce newer and more distinctive items. As such they can produce more often and their profits increase. Logically , it then flows that copying whilst being a part of the business of the copyist firms is also beneficial to the large fashion houses because the elite will keep demanding newer styles and this increases their business. This is called induced obsolescence by copying. They further argue that by the masses flocking to buy the latest styles there is an automatic trend created and as such the large fashion houses benefit because those on the marginal income lines will tend to purchase the fashion house brands so that they can be a part of the trend. It is also arguable that because the trends are so short lived for most of the casual wear collections (an average style time for the Armani Tees is seven months) even if there are tougher intellectual property law few firms would go through the trouble of registering all but their most classic designs. Conclusion In this essay we have looked at the reasons for the existence of intellectual property generally. We have then identified the theories of fashion and seen how people demand in style products so the copyists employ designers not to make an exact replica of the item but to make an item similar such that the item is a part of the trend. We have then considered the law in Australia. We have looked at how the Designs Act and the Copyright Act play an important role in protecting the designs and drawings of the designers. We have identified that the courts have had a mixed approach to enforcing right under the act. We saw in the Review decision the impracticality of taking an action to Court under the Designs Act. We saw that this impracticality was because the claimant needs to submit highly sensitive figures for the courts to make a decision. Further, we saw that the Elwood decision in which it is probable that the judge misunderstood that what Elwood was doing was setting a trend for pr inted tees. We then argued that it is impossible for courts to find the difference between trends and styles and argued that perhaps we do not want them to rule against style. This paper also suggested possible reforms to the law and to the method in which the law should be administered. These reforms flow from our previous analysis of the method of administration of the law being impractical. It was proposed that the proposed methods would help the administration of the system as well as make a more streamlined an easier system for designers to enforce their rights. However, when we consider the theories of fashion as a whole and when we consider the article by Raustiala and Sprigman, we see that reform really isnt necessary. Reform will not dynamically change the face of the industry because most designers will not go through the trouble of registering their designs as the design life cycles are very short and the trouble taken to register designs is not worth their while. We also see that reform is not necessary because copying (otherwise referred to as trend setting) is helpful to the big fashion houses. It stimulates designs for their products and increases their sales. We started off by saying that the industry is worth $750 billion a year. There seems to be enough money to go around. Any changes which impose tighter control will only reduce the value of the industry and push many out of business.