The Internet Is A Vital Part Of The Modern World - 1626 Words

The Internet is a vital part of the modern world. It is a tool that is used world-wide on a daily basis, and is continuing to grow as technology advances. The Internet can be used for basically anything and everything which is why it is such an important part of every day life. In recent years, the Internet has become a huge E-commerce market since it provides an array of benefits for both consumers and businesses such as variety, convenience, reliability, and mostly tax-free. However, the days of tax-free online shopping may be coming to an end as a result of the Market Place Fairness Act which was passed by the Senate in 2013. Currently, the bill is moving on to the House where it will be decided if it will be banned or not. This†¦show more content†¦The House needs to overturn the Marketplace Fairness Act and ban Internet sales tax. There is currently an ongoing debate between proponents and opponents of the Marketplace Fairness Act. According the the National Conference of State Legislatures, sales taxes account for over one-third of revenues for most states including over half of the tax revenues in six states (Jagoda 2014). Due to this, proponents of the act have highlighted the issue of having low tax revenues in state and local governments are actually weakening public services. â€Å"Each year, about $10 billion in tax on Internet sales goes uncollected† (Mazerov 2011). Supporters argue that this means there is $10 billion that states do not have to invest in government funded projects such as schools, hospitals, and roads. However, the people do not realize that the supporters and legislators in state capitals are just avoiding the more difficult decision of whether to cut spending or raise taxes due to the fear of voter backlash. Proponents of the bill also argue that online retailers have an unfair advantage over brick-and-mortar retailers. Local businesses are required to charge sales tax (with the exception of states that do not ha ve sales tax) creating a 5% to 10% price disadvantage in comparison to online retailers (Mazerov 2011). Supporters also argue that physical stores are taken advantage of because customers will browse products in their store only to go home and buy the product online,Show MoreRelated Art Nature and Technology: Remaking Land and Body1267 Words   |  6 Pagesprogressing the movement of art in modern society. With ways of communicating, networking and creating art all through a digital, simulated world, we are slowly substituting the real, with the virtual. Most experiences can already be simulated through video games and other virtual reality software. The internet has become an encyclopaedia that encapsulates the sum of almost all human knowledge; one can find an infinite amount of information through the internet. We are already seeing a decline inRead MoreImpacts Of Technology E Commerce1471 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Internet in the 1950’s, development of technology beg an for use by the military until it was soon introduced to the public for commercial and private use. Throughout the decades ever since, technology was then on the road to sudden rapid expansion, with a big boom in new hardware, software and internet capabilities such as faster computer speeds, faster internet connections and efficient software. Convenient services appeared such as E-Commerce (or Electronic Commerce) where internet usersRead MoreNewspaper And Other Traditional Sources Of Journalism1379 Words   |  6 Pagesthat a free press is widely considered essential to democracy, many groups are deeply concerned about this trend.† Traditional Journalism against New Modern Journalism Journalism is one of the most important part of mass communication around the world in this modern era. The era in which people connected with internet and technology is playing vital role in every human being. According to American Press Institute â€Å"Journalism is the activity of gathering information, assessing, creating and presentingRead MoreThe Development Of Creative Thinking Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesthis assumption, in fact, it is possible to work out this type of response to the problems. It is only vital to find the right approach and develop specific tactics aimed at the formation of creative thinking. Time goes fast, rapidly evolving technology going forward and the progress requires human attention and concentration, flexible thinking, and quick adaptation to what is happening. The world is constantly in need of interchange of different problems with the help of creative approaches. CathyRead MoreE Marketing : The Implementation Of Electronic Marketing Essay135 0 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, many modern businesses are using the internet as a way of marketing their products, paving way for e-marketing to grow rapidly. The implementation of electronic marketing has led to a tremendous growth in the shape and nature of the modern businesses worldwide. The rise in the usage of e-marketing devices such as cell phones and e-mail in electronic exchanges may not only create business opportunities but might also eradicate their major threats. It is clear that the internet, e-marketingRead MoreSocial Media Invention1120 Words   |  5 PagesUndoubtedly, social media is one of the most important and outstanding inventions nowadays. It is play a vital role in our daily life. Social media is aprocess of share and exchange the information between people in virtual networks and communitese . Also, we can define it as a group of application that depend on ideological and technological fundations of internet and these application help to create a con tent and exchange the idea and thoughts. Also,. it depend on mobile and web site to giveRead MoreBusiness Communication in the Past 20 Years1406 Words   |  6 Pagesadvertising, customer relation and employ engagement. One can relate the field of business communication to technical communication as there is many similarities between both fields. Channels which used in business communication include radio, television, internet, word of mouth and print media. Internal communication can also be defined as business communication which is managed by director of communication where an employee in the organization receives craft messages from the management. It is importantRead MoreThe World Of The Digital Age Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesreconnect. The Internet has provided a way to obtain and share a vast amount of information instantaneously on devices such as laptops and mobile phones. As a result, the number of users is increasing at an exponential rate as more people go online and embrace the convenience of the world-wide web. Social media sites allow the user to share personal information, photographs and videos at their own discretion as well as view the information shared by others, such sites have become an integrated part of everydayRead MoreThe Term â€Å"New Literacy† Encompasses Such An Extensive Range1044 Words   |  5 Pagesever-changing digital world. New literacies encompass those skills that will allow individuals to change with technology (Leu et al., 2015). It is imperative that new literacy also prepare students to successfully navigate technology that has not yet been invented (Knobel Lankshear, 2014). Individuals highly skilled in new literacy will be characterized by an understanding of the language and tactics used in the digital world. This meta-cognition of new literacy allows them to take part in the digitalRead MoreSociological Concepts Of Identity And Globalization1083 Words   |  5 PagesSuggested by Van Kreiken, soc iology helps researchers ‘understand the world around them, especially how it is changing. (Kreiken 2011, p2) thus it is only natural that sociologists are intrigued at how relationships operate and their evolution over the past century. This essay will endeavor to critically examine the sociological concepts of identity and globalization, and the manner in which they have swayed the aspect of human relationships in Australian society, over the course of history. My

Economy, Morality, Gender, and Ethnic Stereotyping Essay

Economy, Morality, Gender, and Ethnic Stereotyping Critical Essay on Pinocchio Disneys Pinocchio has been a long time favorite of American culture. However, time has changed and so has our culture. We are no longer described or categorized by being white, European, primarily heterosexual, Protestant, and bourgeois. I have to argue that that stereotype is still in effect. As times have changed so have our people and their values. Now, we are described as The Melting Pot of religions, race, sex, and class. Pinocchio was fitting for the culture of 1940 but as for now it not so appropriate. Industrialism, Capitalism, and the ruling bourgeoisie are the themes in this movie not only because they probably reflect Walts own life but†¦show more content†¦I feel that the depiction of Gepetto is not all that bad. His morality is very high; he is caring, a hard worker, and a very loving man. He is brave (He lived in Monstero the whale!), truthful, and unselfish. He fed his cat basically the same thing he ate, and let’s be honest he did not have that much fo od to give. Yet, with all these attributes he is worthless because he has no money. He cannot help his â€Å"son† in any truly helpful way. He does not have the means to do so. Love means does not mean anything if one cannot put food on the table. Once again, the subject of economy is raised. How does one measure morality and economic level? They are two different entities and yet if one does not have the other they are not whole. On the other hand, Stromboli hasn’t got a moral bone in his body. Yet still, he has more money than Gepetto and has power to take Gepetto’s son. Also, the character â€Å"Honest John† acts as if he is rich, smart, and moral; hence, the name â€Å"Honest John†. The fox is portrayed as a liar and a criminal. These portrayals of the poor are very low. The depictions of the rich are equally as low. So, what is a person to believe? We must conclude that these stereotypes are preposterous. The end to the Great Depression came about in 1941 with Americas entry into WWII. Americans lives, by 1946, were in shambles. Pinocchio is a great product of this turmoil.Show MoreRelatedEthnocentrism: Major Effect on Organizational Behavior3918 Words   |  16 Pagesgroup or community with which you share common experiences that shape the way you understand the world (Hofstede, 1980). A person can belong to several different cultures depending on his or her birthplace; nationality; ethnicity; family status; gender; age; language; education; physical condition; sexual orientation; religion; profession; place of work and its corporate culture. A part from the above, Kotter (1986) identified six fundamental patterns of cultural difference; different communicationRead MoreInternational Business Midterm Essay3837 Words   |  16 Pagesstatements is not correct about China? a. China joined the WTO in 2002 b. One of China’s key strengths is its excellent infrastructure c. China is stuck halfway between a command economy and a market economy d. China continues to enjoy significant inflows of money from ethnic Chinese outside of China 9. Which of the following statements is correct about India? a. India’s biggest contributor to growth is its excellent infrastructure. b. India is theRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 Pagesthose who are considered â€Å"handsome†, â€Å"pretty† and â€Å"beautiful†. Originality/value  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This is an original and comprehensive paper by the authors. Article Type:    Research paper Keyword(s):    Ethnic minorities; Racial discrimination; Disabilities; Discrimination; Equal opportunities; Gender; â€Å"Lookism†; â€Å"Lookphobia†; United States of America. Journal:    Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal Volume:    32 Number:    1 Year:    2013 pp:    Read MoreChanging Attitude Towards Child Sex Preference11388 Words   |  46 Pagesneglected the provision of care by older people themselves, although there are some notable exceptions. It should also be said that prevailing ‘social problem’ focus has stigmatized older people as a dependent and unproductive group. This negative stereotyping is partly because of invisibility of informal work as a contribution to society. Older people are givers as well as receivers through their substantial caring for other older people, unpaid domestic work, care for grandchildren and voluntary workRead MoreOffensive Advertising : Advertising, Muslims, And Consumer Behaviour9514 Words   |  39 Pagesprofanity, gratuitous violence, disgusting images and religious taboos (Dahl et al., 2003). The above studies lead to the fact that controversy in advertising manifests itself in many ways, such as product deficiencies, inappropriate targeting, stereotyping, mis-selling, mischievousness, and intrusive tactics (Mittal, 1994; Blakeney, 1986; Wyckham; 1987). Hence various studies have endeavoured to classify controversy or offence in advertising (Barnes and Dotson, 1990; Prendergast et al., 2008; ChristyRead MoreConsumer Behavior Essay15664 Words   |  63 Pageshis/her involvement with the group. 2 Social Class: * An open group of individuals who have similar social rank. US is not a classless society. US criteria; occupation, education, income, wealth, race, ethnic groups and possessions. * Social class influences many aspects of our lives. IE upper middle class Americans prefer luxury cars Mercedes. 3 Upper Americans- upper- upper class, .3%, inherited wealth, aristocraticRead MoreDimensionalizing Cultures. the Hofstede Model in Context11051 Words   |  45 Pagesone society to the other. Most commonly the term culture is used for tribes or ethnic groups (in anthropology), for nations (in political science, sociology and management), and for organizations (in sociology and management). A relatively unexplored field is the culture of occupations (for instance, of engineers versus accountants, or of academics from different disciplines). The term can also be applied to the genders, to generations, or to social classes. However, changing the level of aggregationRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesthe global business environment continue unabated. The global financial crisis and economic recession have challenged some assumptions about globalization and economic integration, but they have also underscored the interconnected nature of global economies. Most countries and regions around the world are inextricably linked, yet profound differences in institutional and cultural environments persist. The challenges for international management reflect this dynamism and the increasing unpredictabilityRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesabout the welfare of strangers. b. pressure from an authority figure can outweigh individual judgment and morality. c. people who know they re in experiments like to fool the researchers. d. inclusion and affection needs are strong in groups. e. group members are punished for violating norms. Answer: b. pressure from an authority figure can outweigh individual judgment and morality. . In Philip Zimbardo s famous study, students were assigned the role of guard or prisoner in a realistic-lookingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢

Journey of black history Essay Example For Students

Journey of black history Essay Rivers to Cross is an admirable play that takes you on a wistful journey of black history, over a time period of 174 years. The atmosphere of the play is set as commemorative, yet at the same time accusing of the audience and through the use of multimedia and contemporary dance and song, Gazebo Theatre Company introduces many unknown, black characters to the audiences knowledge. While listening to the song Many Rivers to Cross before I watched the play, I felt the hardships and suffering that black people have faced throughout the 174 year journey. I felt the song was symbolic of a unity that had suffered racism and prejudice to a major extent, but still had faith. To me, this was very poignant. We will write a custom essay on Journey of black history specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As previously mentioned, the play introduced many famous black individuals of the past that were relatively unknown to todays audience. Some characters of the play included Ira Aldridge, Walter Tull, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Dr Harold Moody, Paul Robeson and Barack Obama. I believe the most innovative part of the play is that the production focuses primarily on British history as well as American history, which I thought was shown as insightful and profound, to a subject that has barely been touched upon. Although I believe the production was admirable, I thought the story was little confusing at times and could have been made improved, something I would have definitely done if I had the chance. Around the start of the play we see a young boy affected by the London riots stumble upon a museum and become possessed and therefore showing him the past of black history. I didnt enjoy watching the story of the riots being portrayed, especially so soon after the actual event, as it made me think that it had been added to the production quickly and in a short space of time, therefore making the play seem a little bit cheap. It also made me feel that Gazebo Theatre Company were trying too hard to relate to their audience though an issue that everyone had experienced, which I thought they could have done better in a though a different way. Another thing I disliked about this particular production was that the main character became possessed, allowing him to see and experience his ancestors past. I supposed that this supernatural element of the play didnt fit well with the historical accuracy and educational elements, and the story could have been told through a father-son conversation, which would have touched upon a key theme in the play. Unlike others, I enjoyed the beginning of the play in which a man carried a small coffin onto the stage, accompanied by emotional music. Even though this didnt have much to do with the rest of the play, it foreshadowed what the play was going to be about and also acted as metaphor for the black community finally putting their sensitive past at rest I thought this was ingenious and inspiring. Many aims of the production were touched upon throughout the play. Some of these included educational purposes, father-son relationship between the two characters, sharing awareness and celebrating English history rather than the USAs. I believe the father-son relationship theme/aim to be inspirational, since it was a well-crafted idea that celebrated black ancestors lifes through the passing down of stories between two men. This was endearing to me yet it could have been improved by being brought into the actual story, in my opinion. A main prop of the production was the use of multimedia that acted as a kind of backdrop for the production. It was used cleverly to display historic moments and pictures, and also well-known characters. To use multimedia in a production is a different and original thing to do, which added to my praise for the play. I thought the best part of the use of multimedia was when the character of Othello walked off-stage behind the screen, and then appeared on the screen this worked well as it was unexpected and was in sync, unlike other parts of the play. The use of multimedia could have added to the confusion as it often showed black people singing soulfully while holding a child, I was unsure of what this symbolised and even though it affected the lighting a little, I believed that this didnt affect the production in whole. .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 , .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .postImageUrl , .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 , .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:hover , .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:visited , .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:active { border:0!important; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:active , .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489 .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua700e83bced343f030c11e6ddda2e489:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Global Competitiveness Sample EssayThe use of contemporary dance and song was also a good way to get across the educational story, while also intriguing the audience into the pioneering performance. The contemporary dance acted as a way of telling the story without words similar to ballet yet with more of a modern feel and I believe this to be an advantageous part of the play as it was different and unexpected also. The use of song was less appreciated by me due to the fact that it diminished the enjoyment of the original Many Rivers to Cross by putting a futuristic observation on it. As well as this, the videos to the song were more like a video to an awful RB song, remi niscent of the 90s. I would have definitely taken this part of the production out. The actors gave an enthralling performance since together; they had good accents, vocals, physical presence, emotion and historical accuracy. Even though one was tangibly stronger than the other, they both excelled in their own ways throughout the play.  To conclude, I believe the production to be of emotional depth that celebrates and shares the history of black people without it being forced upon us, yet at times it seems to me that the audience are put at fault and blamed for the struggles black people have faced which I feel is unfair. I would give the play a 7/10 rating.

The European Renaissance Essays - Medieval Philosophy, Renaissance

The European Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happend during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. The Renaissance was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church held most of the power and it's economy was agriculturaly based. Exploration and learning was almost put to a stop. During the Renaissance society was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. Also, people's curiosity overcame thier fear and many people started to venture out and explore. New schools and colleges became more and more common. The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan ,and Venice. Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist. Humanism was subjects concerned with humankind and culture. They stutied various things such as Latin, Greek language, literature and philosophy. Music and mathmatics were also studied as well. The Renaissance gave way to new forms of painting , art and sculpture. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathmatics with art , in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and porportionally. As a result painters tried and often suceeded into making their painting a window into the world. Artists also studied the way light hits objects and the way our eyes percieve light. A new kind of paint called oil paint was used. This allowed the artist to create texture , mix colors, and allow more time for corrections before it dried. The printing press was probaly the most important advance in technology. Europeans first used movable metal type to print a book. On small pieces of metal they engraved single letters of the alphabet. These could then be arranged and rearranged to form words and sentences. Johan Gutenberg is usually given credit for the first book printed, a copy of the Bible. By the 1500's printing presses where fairly well spread. The printing press had many effects on the world. First of all, it made books much easier to come by, wich made them cheaper. That ment common people could afford them. As a result literacy became more widespread, in contrast to the Middle Ages where usually monks and church officials were the only able to read. Second, since many more people were able to read, they wanted to read subjects other than religious or scientific work. So books on other subjects were published as well. Also many books were published in languages other than Latin, such as English, Portugeese, Spanish, French, and Italian. A third effect was that scholars had better access to one anothers work. They could also read the great works of the ancient and medieval periods. The Renaissance also had an effect on the general society. Many people became interested in politics. Also, people became interested in the world outside of thier towns. Many became explorers, merchants, and mapmakers. Religion especially changed during the Renaissance. In the Middle ages people were primarily concerned with serving the church and getting to heaven. But the increase in arts and education gave people something to look forward to, and a life worth living. So inturn, people based thier lives around various other things instead of the church. Because of the increase in literacy people learned that the Catholic Church only told the populus what they wanted them to hear. This caused many people to break away from the churh and form Proteezt religions. The Renaissance produced many great minds. Leonardo da Vinci was one of these. Although he was not regarded as a genious in his time. He had numerous works of art such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He also is now

ADHA essay Essays - Evaluation, Integrity, Virtue, Mindfulness

ADHA essay Essays - Evaluation, Integrity, Virtue, Mindfulness The word integrity derives from the Latin root word integer, which means complete or entire. I believe that a significant quality a student member should possess to be the District Student Delegate for ADHA is Integrity. I say this because how much integrity one has defines the eminence of your character. I believe that integrity encompasses all qualities and capabilities of your roll to lead and help others. Having good character allows you to be receptive to information and teach others. The student member has to be assertive and proactive so that there voice can be heard for other members of ADHA. To be in this position I believe that you need to be complete with your actions. The student member needs to be able to implement their skills effectively while being open to change and progression. They have to be able to take accountability while holding moral and ethical responsibilities to become the Student Delegate. The student member needs to be able to function exceptionally in team-based settings and have positive impacts on other members. They need to have great work ethic and an optimistic attitude so that they can influence other members in a constructive way. They need to be able to create an environment that will allow other members to be motivated and to invoke them to use their talents to succeed. Upholding good integrity, truthfulness, mindfulness, and honesty is key. Possessing these primary attributes and building on them is what will make a Student Member successful. Gennifer Afari Howard University District III SNDA Elect

The Life of the Adventurous Inventor Dean Kamen

The Life of the Adventurous Inventor Dean Kamen Dean Kamen is an American businessman and inventor. Kamen is best known for the invention of the electric-powered Segway personal human transporter, best described as a stand-up scooter (see photo). The Segway was much publicized before its initial unveiling to the public with conspiracy level intrigue as an invention that was going to change the world. Nothing was known about it except its original name of Ginger and that Dean Kamen was the inventor, however, the speculation about Ginger had folks thinking it might even have been a revolutionary type of free energy device. Inventions Other than the Segway, Dean Kamen has had an interesting career as an inventor and together with his company Deka has produced several inventions in the fields of medicine and engine design. Below is a partial listing of his accomplishments, Kamen holds 440 U.S. and foreign patents. the first wearable infusion pumpthe first wearable insulin pump for diabeticsHomeChoice peritoneal dialysis systemimproved slide preparation for the ThinPrep Pap Testan advanced prosthetic armimproved Stirling engine designsthe iBot electric wheelchair that is an all terraina nonpolluting, low-power water-purifying systeminventions related to solar energy and power Biography Dean Kamen was born April 5, 1951, in Rockville Center, Long Island, New York. His father, Jack Kamen was a comic book illustrator for Mad Magazine, Weird Science, and other EC Comics publications. Evelyn Kamen was a school teacher. Biographers have compared Dean Kamens early years to those of Thomas Edisons. Both inventors did not do well in public school, both had teachers that thought they were dull and would not amount to much. However, the real truth is that both men were too smart and bored by their early educations, and both were avid readers who constantly educated themselves about what interested them. Dean Kamen was always an inventor, he tells a story about his first invention at the age of five, a device that helped him make his bed in the morning. By the time he reached high school Kamen was making money from his inventions which he built in the basement of his home and was designing and installing light and sound systems. Kamen was even hired to set up a system to automate the fall of the Times Square New Years Eve ball. By the time Kamen graduated from high school, he was making a living as an inventor and made more money per year than the combined income of his parents. Kamen attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute but dropped out before graduating to founded his first company, called AutoSyringe, to sell his medical invention (a drug infusion pump) that he invented during college. Dean Kamen eventually sold AutoSyringe to another health company, Baxter International, in 1982, in a deal that made Kamen a multimillionaire. Kamen used the profits from the sale of AutoSyringe, to found a new company, DEKA Research Development, named after the inventor DEan KAmen. In 1989, Dean Kamen founded his non-profit called FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) designed to expose high schools to the marvels of science and technology. FIRST holds an annual robotic competition for high school teams. Quotes You have teenagers thinking theyre going to make millions as NBA stars when thats not realistic for even 1 percent of them. Becoming a scientist or engineer is. An innovation is one of those things that society looks at and says, if we make this part of the way we live and work, it will change the way we live and work. There is just so much stuff in the world that, to me, is devoid of any real substance, value, and content that I just try to make sure that I am working on things that matter. I think an education is not only important, it is the most important thing you can do with your life. If you start to do things youve never done before, youre probably going to fail at least some of the time. And I say thats OK. Videos Dean Kamens profile on TED includes three videos: Dean Kamen on  inventing  and giving, Dean Kamen previews a new prosthetic arm, and Dean Kamen: The emotion behind  invention.Dean Kamen demonstrates his prosthetic arm on the Steve Colbert Show. Awards National Medal of Technology in 2000Lemelson-MIT Prize in 2002Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2005

Ceremony by leslie silko Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ceremony by leslie silko - Research Paper Example Stories give individuals their identity. Over the years, they cease to be mere stories and become a part of the people. This is why they are an essential part of human cultures all over the world. In Silko’s narratives, individuals are deeply affected by stories. The Yellow Woman explores her sexuality freely in one night of passion because the tribal stories sanction it. Silko herself attributes her passion for telling stories as a product of her tribal culture. It is an integral part of her American Indian identity. â€Å"Storytelling is a whole way of seeing yourself. It is a whole way of being† (Silko, p.150). According to Silko, stories give an individual identity and help them settle into their rightful place in the community. â€Å"You know who you are by the stories told about you† (Silko, p. 56). Ultimately, the individuals affected by these stories become characters in their own stories through their actions. â€Å"You should understand the way it was back then because it is the same even now† (Silko, p.157). Stories connect the past, present and future. By helping people understand the past, they aid in making present and future decisions. Believing in witchery gives it the power to interfere in a person’s life and cause havoc. The resultant fear incapacitates someone and makes them unable to take action. The fear robs people of the ability to control their own lives. Only by reconnecting with tribal traditions is someone healed from the poisoning effect of witchery. The fear caused by witchery causes illness in people. In the narrative, Tayo wishes to disappear from the earth. This is witchery manifesting itself as desperation and hopelessness. This is the reason behind the suicidal tendencies. The greatest fear is that one can do nothing about the situation. Witchery makes someone fearful of taking control of their destiny. It makes them feel that they are not responsible for anything that happens. Tayo believes that the

Becoming A Master Student Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Becoming A Master Student - Term Paper Example The book contains both study and life skills for the students to learn. The students can use these skills to invent their own ways of being successful in the Master studies. One of the most useful lessons in the book is the learning styles inventory. The author has explained a whole range of learning styles and has left upon the students to choose their styles from among them as they match their individualistic needs. The author has explained it with the example of a cell phone. A user can learn how to operate a new cell phone in numerous ways. He/she can either just start playing with the keys to know their respective functions, he/she can use the knowledge of the past cell phone and try that on the new one to see how the new set compares with the old one, he/she can use the user’s manual as a guide to learn the use of phone or else, he/she may consult someone who already posses the very phone. Likewise, students can discover their own learning preferences and check out vario us styles to see what best works for them. After the learning styles inventory, the reader is supposed to complete an exercise so that the concepts thus gained become ingrained in mind. Then, the author discusses the multiple intelligences and the VAK system.

The term white Essay Example for Free

The term white Essay What is our reaction or impression when we read or hear the term white? Quite often, it is simply colour that instantly comes to our minds. Furthermore, many of us are unaware of the various interpretations involving the word. This is not surprising! Lets start with white clothing and its purposes, symbolic, or factual, commonly used in religions as well as in hospitals. The pope, an obvious Roman Catholic, wears white robes to portray his distinctive figure, being the highest authority at the Vatican. Similarly, some nuns wear white habits to reveal their puritanical appearance, and, not surprisingly, a bride of the same faith traditionally wears a white wedding dress to demonstrate her virginal aspect. Looking at a different religion, it is very interesting to learn about the custom in Islamic countries, where the dead are buried naked, wrapped in a white cloth. Their belief is that it symbolizes purity and is a necessary religious practice for the dead to get to heaven. When it comes to facts, we also understand the necessity of white garments used in private or public hospitals, and most clinics. Here, there are compulsory regulations where all medical staff must wear white uniforms, ranging from caps to overcoats and suits. It is the intention of the hospitals to help their patients and outsiders, distinguish the doctors, physicians, nurses and other medical assistants. We go on to fascinating white creations, being those of nature. For example, clouds, snow, sleet, ice, fog and mist are all naturally white as a result of atmospheric temperatures. Even the moon, stars and lightning flashes are white, however, at night! Moreover, another example is that of bones, such as humans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, as well as the milk produced by humans and animals. Likewise, even the sap produced by some trees, is white. Other interpretations of white are present in grammatical expressions. It is also used to reveal a persons image, emotions or feelings. An example would be, He became white with shock. Very often, white used before a noun denotes the whiteness in colour, of that subject. However, it is also possible that words used immediately after the term can have nothing to do with the colour itself and can have completely different or contradictory meanings, such as: A white admiral, a kind of butterfly from Eurasia; A white ant, another name for a termite that is black in colour! As we approach the final subject, think about white and associate it with food. The result of our imagination could be rice, sugar, salt or flour. However, did we bear in mind at the same instant, that these foods were initially not white, but became so after a thorough process or refinement? In opposition to the previous question, it is amazing how some flesh foods not naturally white in raw state, turn white in appearance, as a result of cooking. Such classified foods are fish, chicken, turkey and duck. Consequently, what do we contemplate about white eggshells? We reason their naturally white colour but we definitely do not think of eating them! Nevertheless, the albumin, a part of its edible contents, also turns white in colour when cooked. An advantageous food compared to those previously mentioned is the cauliflower, a beneficial vegetable that remains white in colour and edible, both in raw and cooked state. After looking at all these examples, we now realize how vastly the term can be interpreted, whether used religiously, symbolically, factually, as a natural creation, in general vocabulary or food. Perhaps the next time we are asked a question about a colour, our immediate thoughts or assumptions will be somewhat different, than just the ordinary colour itself!

Haroun And The Sea Of Stories :: essays research papers

Haroun and the Sea of Stories I thought the book â€Å"Haroun and the Sea of Stories† was well written and a fun book to read. This is a story about friendship, fight for justice and honesty. It makes the reader feel like a child again. Rushdie showed in this book his good knowledge of human imagination. This is a reminder of that magical world with bad creatures and the ones with big hearts that always win a war. The book is about the land where stories are made, Rashid who is "the Shah of Blah, with oceans of notions and the Gift of the Gab," and his son Haroun. When Rashid loses his gift, his son embarks on a quest to recover it. This story is comparable to other stories like â€Å"Alice in Wonderland† in that it is a fairy tale, since the novel is based around this place, Kahani, the earth’s second moon, where stories are made and kept alive. Rushdie's characters and dreamlike settings are deliriously inventive. It is similar to â€Å"Alice in Wonderland† where Alice is in her own fantasy land. In this tale are some powerful moments dealing with freedom of speech and expression. The force of evil in this story is silence, an enforced silence, the quashing of language, fantasy, satire - even the truth itself. There are plenty of allegories and light-hearted commentary woven into the tapestry. The Princess Batcheat is a bit much to put up with, as are the people we must sometimes defend on principles such as freedom of expression. I found the ending interesting when you find out that the city Haroun and Rashid live in, â€Å"the city that forgot its name,† has the same name as the â€Å"fantasy land,† Kahani, that Haroun was just in. Also, during the story Haroun would hint that people in the fantasy land reminded him of people he knew in his own city. Also the fact that what made Haroun’s father lose his talent of telling stories, Soraya, Rashid’s wife, left him for someone else, was back and she referred to the man she left the same as Khattam-shud.

David Wilson’s Speech on Darwin’s Cathedral Essay

The speaker, David Sloan Wilson, believes that societies function as single organisms, and morality and religion biologically and culturally evolved adaptations that enable human groups to function as single units rather than an assortment of individual unites. His lecture was a poor attempt to explain group selection, which is selection for a characteristic specifically because the characteristics enhance the reproductive success of the group as a whole, rather than solely the individual. The beginning of his lecture was not very helpful in proving anything; he merely quoted several phrases from scientists and read them to the audience. I wasn’t really sure where he was going at this point. Then, he went on to explain examples or should I say a lack of examples, which he considered to undergo group selection. He allegedly did some sort of experiment with chickens and their eggs. He tried to say that under group selection the experiment showed that there was an increased production of all the chickens’ eggs. However, within a group selection only certain individuals benefited. There was also some weird twist in this experiment, he tried selecting for the best individuals and then put them all together in one cage, and they got violent with each other and de-feathered each other, while at the same time he used the best group of chickens together in the same cage that produced the most eggs as a group. Then, he compared the group of the best selected individuals with the best group, and somehow he tried to prove his point. I don’t really think anyone was convinced except for himself. It seemed like the only thing he tested for was who works the best in a cage, because that situation would never occur in nature. Another example of group selection according to him had to do with bees. But, once again he was most likely wrong because it appears that bee’s act according to kin selection, which is selection for characteristics that enhance the fitness of the individual indirectly by enhancing the reproductive success of the individual’s relatives, because all bees are related. There is only one female queen bee and the rest are workers who  have no choice, but to work like slaves for the benefit of the queen and its relatives. Then, at the end of the lecture someone posed a question about how could he explain the endosymbiotic theory according to group selection, I think this question may have stumped him, because whatever he said didn’t seem very convincing , but yet he tried to defend his point, even though the endosymbiotic theory seems to explained by many as a mutualistic relationship. He also tried to explain group selection in relation to religion. He attempted to demonstrate how religions have enabled people to achieve, by working as a unit, what they could have never done alone. Apparently, he examined specific examples of religious culture from Calvinism to Balinese water temples in hopes that his group selection theory would be confirmed, and somehow he supposedly did verify this. But all in all, I think he needs to attain more believable concrete research, and then present experiments that will clearly prove his point without too much doubt. If he wants people to buy into his theory of group selection he really needs more data to back his theory up with because I wasn’t really impressed with what I saw, most of it was really confusing, hard to sit through, hard to believe, and didn’t make much sense. He cant simply prove group selection through theory alone he needs more empirical data, so that he can prove to people he is right, instead of trying to convince us through babbling on and on about nothing, but I do give him credit for his speech. His answers and conclusions may not be correct, but at least he is questioning and examining things like a good scientist should do. He is obviously a firm believer in himself, and did put forth some thought and effort in trying to prove his theory and he demonstrated some real courage by trying to go outside of his own field of evolutionary biology into matters of religion and trying to connect the two. Even though his book may not prove his theory of group selection, the controversial title should make him a lot of money. Group selection is selection for a characteristic specifically because the characteristics enhances the reproductive success of the group as a whole. Kin selection is selection for characteristics that enhance the fitness of the individual indirectly by enhancing the reproductive success of the individuals relatives.

Commercialisation of Health Care Essay

2. Commercialization 3. Commercialization of HealthCare:ïÆ'ËœCommercialization means goods hospital withhaving better facilities, nursing care andtechnology, provide better accessible, for people.ïÆ'ËœIt means private owned hospitals. 4. Why Commercialization?ï  ¶Life is very precious.ï  ¶WHO reports show that most of the civilhospitals/government hospitals in the countrydo not have proper equipment and facilitiesand the ratio of number of beds to populationof that city is very low for each of them.Increased accessibility is the major benefit ofCommercialization. 5. Every Coin has twosides 6. Advantages OfCommercialization:ï‚ §Commercialization of Health care canmake health facilities more accessible.ï‚ §It can improve quality of service.ï‚ §Commercialization is good because ofgood infrastructure, update technology, better nursing facilities, qualifieddoctors etc. 7. Advantages OfCommercialization:ï‚ §It will improve our health services.ï‚ §Awareness.ï‚ §Quickness in treatment.ï‚ §Family care.ï‚ §Rules and Regulations.ï‚ §Easily data available. 8. Disadvantages OfCommercialization:ï‚ §Povertyï‚ §High Costï‚ §Exploitationï‚ §Monopoly Marketï‚ §Boon for rich people, and curse forpoor people. 9. What Commercialization willbring?Commercialization words itself showsthe inability or incompetence of ourGovernment.So what it will bring is, the mostimportant and ist point is that It willremove our government’s inabilityand incompetence 10. What Commercialization willbring?ï  ± Better health servicesï  ±Better Infrastructureï  ±Fast health servicesï  ±New Technologyï  ±Punctualityï  ±Disciplineï  ±Innovationï  ±Qualified and Dedicated staff. 11. Commercialization words itselfshows the inability orincompetence of ourGovernmentSo what it will bring is, the mostimportant point is that It willremove our government’sinability and incompetence. 12. What Government can do in order toprevent exploitation of poor people?ï‚ §Bond with private hospitalsï‚ §Strict rulesï‚ §Subsidies to poor peopleï‚ §Health Insurance of poor peopleï‚ §Control over corruptionï‚ §Structure improvement by tie upwith private hospitals. 13. Some moral values thathospitals must keep in mind:ïÆ' ¼Treat Patients with humanity.ïÆ' ¼Cure patients with love, care & +vebehavior.ïÆ' ¼They should also provide emotional supportto patient’s family members.ïÆ' ¼ Their  motive should be welfare of peoplenot the profit oriented.ïÆ' ¼Concession for poor people.ïÆ' ¼Partiality should be avoided.ïÆ' ¼Hospitalization is a service and notbusiness. 14. Conclusion: I conclude that commercial of health is necessarybut it should be kept in mind that we all want to live.Minimum, keeping all the treatment within the rangeof middle-lower class highly commercialization isrequired for the better health of our nation becauseHEALTH IS THE MOST VALUABLE than everythingin life.So, if all above factors should be kept in mind i.e.range of middle-lower class etc., then what I feel isthat commercialization will be good for us as well asfor our Nation.

Bonds vs. Bounds

Bonds vs. Bounds Bonds vs. Bounds Bonds vs. Bounds By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between a bond and a bound, and the relationships of the verb and adjective forms? Both words have to do with constraints, but the multiple meanings aren’t necessarily related. A bond is something that binds literally, as with chains, or figuratively, as an agreement or a financial obligation and the word is etymologically related to bind as well as band. The last word is from Old Norse and is related to the Scandinavian word bindan, which means â€Å"to bind.† Borrowed into English, that word developed into two terms: band, meaning â€Å"something that binds,† and bande, meaning â€Å"a flat strip.† With the loss of the appendage e, the four-letter word now represents both meanings. The latter sense of band is the origin of the use of the word in â€Å"rubber band† as well as the reference to a musical ensemble (from the military origin of the band, whose members, as soldiers, would wear insignia, originally in the form of strips of cloth, in common) and, by extension, any group that travels together or associates. However, the second syllable of husband, which means â€Å"dweller,† is etymologically unrelated to band. (The first element, as you may have guessed, means â€Å"house.†) Nevertheless, it became associated with bond because although the Old English word bonda means â€Å"householder,† in the feudal era, the connotation was of a serf or a tenant farmer, hence the idea of restraint. A bound is a limit, and the verb form means â€Å"to form the boundary of,† but from the sense of bind, it also means â€Å"fastened† or â€Å"compelled.† The adjective bound means â€Å"confined† (â€Å"I’m bound to my desk for the next eight hours†) or â€Å"obligated† (â€Å"I’m bound to honor my agreement†), as well as â€Å"sure† (â€Å"It’s bound to get better†) or â€Å"determined† (â€Å"She is bound to get her way†). Note, however, that this last sense can seem ambiguous: â€Å"She is bound to get her way† could be construed as referring to certainty, not resolve. The same word seen in such constructions as â€Å"I’m bound for Europe† and in the compound homebound is unrelated; that word comes from a sense of â€Å"to prepare,† another meaning for the word that formed the second part of husband. The bound used, for example, in the sentence â€Å"They watched him bound from group to group† or forming the root of rebound is from a third source, a French word meaning â€Å"leap† or â€Å"echo.† The noun and verb bend, by the way, is related to band and bind, as well as to the German word bund, meaning â€Å"league.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:15 Types of Documents9 Forms of the Past Tense

Focus on Adjectives Ending in -ic and -ical

Focus on Adjectives Ending in -ic and -ical Many adjectives end in either -ic or -ical. Examples of Adjectives Ending In -ic: athleticenergeticpropheticscientific Example Sentences: The boys are very athletic and play a variety of sportsI didnt realize you were so energetic! Youve completed 10 exercises in the last hour.His writings were very prophetic and some think show the way of the future.Many feel that the only valid way to learn is the scientific approach. Examples of Adjectives Ending In -ical: magicaldiabolicalcynicalmusical Example Sentences: We had a magical evening at the concert.His political use of the military was diabolical.I wish she werent so cynical. I dont know whether I can believe anything she says.You Timothy is quite musical and plays the piano well. An extension of the adjective ending -ical is the adjective ending in -logical. These adjectives tend to be used with scientific and medical related terms. Examples of Adjectives Ending In -logical: psychologicalcardiologicalchronologicalideological Example Sentences: The psychological study of patients has led to many helpful discoveries.The cardiological unit of the hospital has saved many lives.The chronological listing of each Kings reign can be found on page 244.Many feel that an ideological approach to our political problems will not solve anything. There are a few cases in which both adjective endings are used with slight changes in meaning. Here are some of the most common: Economic /Economical economic relating to economics and financeeconomical money saving, frugal Example Sentences: The economic picture looks pretty depressing for the next few quarters.Its economical to reuse your banana peels as compost. Historic/Historical historic famous and importanthistorical dealing with history Example Sentences: The historic Battle of the Bulge was fought in Belgium.The historical significance of Da Vincis writings was discussed in Peter Goulds essay. Lyric /Lyrical lyric relating to poetrylyrical resembling poetry, musicality, etc. Example Sentences: Lyric poetry reading can help you find the music of everyday language.His lyrical approach to scientific writing help to popularize the subject.

United States Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States Constitution - Essay Example What are these characteristics, what causes them and how fixed is human nature are some of the questions that we face for us to be able to to understand hat human nature human nature is like. In addressing these questions about the implications of understanding humanness, it is wise to keep in mind the end results of whichever study about Human Nature. This will be necessarily be limited by the focus of the investigation and the techniques used. ( Jeeves, 1). It is good to understand what American development is before we go deep into the subject. American Political development is the study of American political growth from a historical viewpoint. And on the the hand when we talk about institution it all paints the picture of customs, practices, or organization, frequently rooted in the rules and law that defines and structures political and social activities. United States of America constitution was written in an under democratic age. Those who researched on it and documented some findings had no intention having democratic constitution. Their findings intended to check, balance and limit political powers while protecting the citizens and property right of the whites. Most critics of the U.S. Constitution find most of it vital elements of argument under democratic and call for their removal or revision (Jillson, 52). Jillson in his book about the government of America highlights some of the prominent people like Robert A. Dahl as the greatest theorist of the second half of the twentieth century. Dahl in his book, how democratic is the constitution; he levels some criticisms in elections of those holding government positions. And also Jillson second him in his allegation, a factor that leads them to break down the constitution into four principles that governs it. This principle has in them the essence of equality includes the idea of republicanism, representative government, sovereignty of the people, limited government, bills of right, tripartite separation of power, independence of the judiciary in the exercise of [power of judicial review, supremacy of the civilian over military authority and supremacy of the constitution over all the the laws of the land. Jillson summarizes this principle into four main principles as follows; The ancient world which usually means Athens and Rome thought that government should foster human excellent Medieval Christendom thought that government should facilitate Christian life Early modern Europe came to believe that should establish and maintain order and prosperity (Jillson, 5). The Ancient: Who rules and for what purpose Rome and Athens formed the centers of the greatest European societies of those old days. Athens gives the definition of human and political values as justice, openness, and excellence hat western countries still goes after them. Rome entrenched these values in political and lawful institutions as fairness before the law federalism, balances and checks that are still central to the way we think about politics. This is clear because Athens and Rome were slave societies. They prepared their vaunted right and liberties accessible only to citizens and both fell to social and political unsteadiness. Rome and Athens learned that much of the way Europeans and the American think about politics was spearheaded, by two Greek political theorists. These men are Plato and Aristotle who both lived in Athens (Jillson, 6). Aristotle had no interest in the normative

The expansion and settlement of the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

The expansion and settlement of the U.S - Essay Example However, this process of incorporation and inclusion of territories that had not previously been part of the United States was not something that came about on its own. Instead, it was encouraged by the government, by the press, and by individuals within the United States as something of a â€Å"manifest destiny†. As this confusing phrase implies, the destiny was that the United States was predisposed to conquer and occupy all of the territory between the Atlantic and Pacific, stretching all the way to Mexico in the South and all the way to Canada in the North. The primary rationale for this manifest destiny was that God had given the United States a unique opportunity and all of the lands that it was to occupy. Naturally, this particular rationale is reminiscent of the way in which the God of the Old Testament had given the land of Canaan to the Israelites as immutable; upon their exodus from Egypt. In terms of defense ability, this particular rationale is of course completel y and entirely indefensible. None of the individuals, whether members of the press, members of the government, where members of the individual society, has spoken with God and were able to definitively conclude that this is what you want. Furthermore, such a behavior trampled upon the rights of indigenous peoples and those that had otherwise laid claim to the regions that the United States slowly incorporated into the

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managment - Essay Example Basically, â€Å"project management can be defined as the planning, organizing, scheduling, leading, communicating, and controlling of work activities to achieve a predefined outcome, on time and within budget,† Josler & Burger (2005). It can be observed that a project is comprised of the following features: it is unique, it has a definite start and a definite end (Fox, 2008). There are many factors that can contribute to the success or failure of a project. Guru (2008) states that the aspect of project success is a recurring theme in the discipline of project management and there are different views that are attributed to the success or failure of the project. For instance, Heerkens (2001) suggests that the effectiveness and leadership styles of the project manager significantly contribute to the success of the project. There are different aspects that are often considered when people speak of project success. According to Guru (2008, p.1), â€Å"De Wit (1988) and other writ ers distinguish between project success (measured against the overall objectives of the project) and project management success (measured against the widespread and traditional measures of performance against cost, time and quality).† Jones (2007) also state that the success factors of the project mainly depend on its ability to achieve the desired goals. Indeed, in each project, a particular outcome is expected to be witnessed if all measures have been properly carried out in a project. In this particular case, the discussion will be centered on project success where at attempt will be made to establish if the Residential Care Services Project achieved its goals as well as the measures that could be implemented in order to improve... This paper stresses that there is poor communication between the manager and other teams. This is likely to impact negatively on the project since it may be difficult for the project manager to coordinate the efforts of all members to pull their efforts towards the same direction. It is important for the project manager of Residential Care Services Project to create open channels of communication that can help the project members to have mutual understanding towards the desired goals in the project. This report makes a conclusion that a project is unique in many ways as discussed. For instance, it has a definite start and finish and it is mainly undertaken in order to achieve a specific outcome. Managing a project is a process that requires concerted efforts in order for it to be a success. As discussed above, there are various measures that can be implemented in order to ensure that the Residential Care Services Project is a success. It has also been observed that this project is facing numerous problems that can impact on its success. As discussed above, there is need for the project manager to make sure that he steers the project in the right direction. There is also need for involvement of all the members of the project in the decision making process so that they can share the same vision with the project managers. This can make it relatively easy to achieve the goals of the project if people involved share the same vision towards the expected goals.

Entrepreneurship And Innovation At The Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurship And Innovation At The Mcdonalds Commerce Essay Creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship are three essential tools of success for companies in the increasingly challenging business environment. Where, creativity is the ability to develop new ideas and discover new ways of looking at problems and opportunities, Innovation is the key to economic development of any country. Inventions and innovations are the building blocks of the future and Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort assuming the accompanying financial psychic, social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary value and personal satisfaction and independence. All three call for new ideas and there is an element of risk involved in the implementation and the acceptability of the new idea. Where creativity is the ability to generate an idea, innovation is the process of the idea creation and entrepreneur is the person who performs both to become who he is, takes the risk, implements the i dea in the form of a venture. In this fiercely competitive, fast faced global economy creativity is not only an important source of building a competitive advantage but is also a necessity for survival. When developing creative solutions to modern problems, entrepreneurs must go beyond merely using whatever has been used in the past. McDonalds is one such company which has earned its brand image over the years with effective use of entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation all put in right place in the organization allowing the company to achieve massive competitive advantages and an edge at building new ideas and defining new and better means of customer satisfaction. The company serves around 50 million customers in 30,000 destinations worldwide on a daily basis and pulling that off whilst successfully obtaining high revenues is a job that requires continuous innovation and out of the box thinking. McDonalds focus over the years has been nothing less than the customer itself. McDonalds took its strong roots in building a name in innovation during the 1990s and the early 2000ss when the competition first started to grow. McDonalds at that time did not take its brand equity for granted and infused its creative teams minds into the thought process that have and continue to generate innovative products and campaigns like Big Mac and Egg McMuffin (Entrepreneur, 2006 [online]). McDonalds offers an extensive case study of the application of a well thought of and thorough innovation strategy, a product planning and developmental process that effectively reflects the changing industry, its opportunity recognition and analysis to stay on top, and the Mcdonalization culture and leadership embedded with innovation that it follows to successfully practice innovation in all aspects and obtain customer satisfaction that defines industry standards. But even for a company like McDonalds room still exists for improvement. The paper analyses the company on these aspects. The paper after analysis of the corporate entrepreneurship and innovation strategy being following in the company will attempt to establish recommendation for the enhancement of the competitive advantages of the company. Innovation Strategy Think big, start small, scale fast. This is the innovation strategy being followed by McDonalds. This idea was brought together by the managing director of McDonalds Ventures, Mats Lederhausen (Entrepreneur, 2006 [online]). The key players are all of the employees of the company who are well ingrained with the 5PS that form the paradox of the company. These 5 PS are: People, Product, Promotion, Place and Price. The innovation that takes place in the company is all customer-oriented and started with people and ends with people making effective use of company resources, offers and tools. The innovation strategy is built on one concept: Customer is king. The insights and demands of the customers are the main triggers of the entire innovation process. The franchisees are known as owner-operators who are a big part of the innovation chain. Keeping such diversified franchises and their thought processes altogether merged with the company objectives and essence is a big challenge which can not be controlled or centralized. The innovation process is decentralized making the owner-operators feel as much important in the company as those who are part of the core headquarters as well as encouraging them to create competitive advantages for the company. McDonalds seizes every opportunity it can to bring innovation and lead the industry. McDonalds success is also based upon its suppliers that are part of the three-legged stool. For McDonalds, the quality of its products is of absolute importance. It specifies highest standards for suppliers in the food industry. McDonalds focuses on developing close relationships with suppliers. At McDonalds, everything is done on an open accounting, handshake trust basis  (Times100, 2009). McDonalds works closely with the suppliers to develop and improve products and production techniques. This dependency is described as a three-legged stool principle, and involves McDonalds, the franchisees and the suppliers. The growth and success of t he McDonalds, in this way, is shared by the suppliers of the restaurant who are able to meet the quality standards (Times100, 2009). For McDonalds, the relationships between franchisor, franchisee and supplier are of paramount importance to the success of the innovation led business. The Process of Innovation and Creativity The owner operators are small business owners who have the entrepreneurial zeal in them and offer various ideas and creative insights that form success drivers for the company. Thus, they are involved in each of the innovation steps and processes. Each of the franchise of McDonalds is in itself a mini laboratory that has millions of potential ideas stored just waiting to be explored and the owner operators are the main source of their retrieval and practice. Sources of Ideas For McDonalds, following are the main sources of ideas. Consumers are the foremost innovation triggers. These include potential as well as existing ones. They are given great importance and attention to point to new directions. This attention takes the form of informally monitoring potential ideas and needs and formally arranging for consumers to have an opportunity to express their opinions (Bygrave, 2008). Existing products and services in the market are also continuously monitored or evaluated to uncover ways to improve the services. This results in innovative products and services that have more market appeal with better sales and profit potential. Owner-Operators, like mentioned above, are the biggest and most effective source of ideas for McDonalds as they offer insights of local appeals surrounding the franchises, which are then incorporated into new products and services. McDonalds introduction of Apple and Walnut salads is one such example of its catering to the local demands, which were communicated effectively by the owner operators. But there are also many demands, such as Shrimp salads that McDonalds cannot currently cater to, because of lack of resources. Federal Government is also a source of new product ideas in two ways. First, the files of the Patent Office contain numerous new product possibilities. Although the patents themselves may not be feasible, they can frequently suggest other more marketable product ideas. Second, new product ideas can come in response to government regulations (Drucker, 2008) Research and Development is yet another but large source of innovative ideas for McDonalds. McDonalds has its mini-laboratories in each of its franchises as well as large laboratories in its head-quarters in US which are continuously engaged in bringing in new product ideas and ingredients and recipes to win customer satisfaction. The Creative Process Although, creative ideas may appear to strike McDonalds as suddenly as a bolt of lightning but they are actually the result of the creative process, which involves the following steps: Preparation Investigation Transformation Incubation Verification Implementation Preparation involves getting the mind ready for creative thinking. Preparation includes a formal education, on the job training, work experience and taking advantage of other learning opportunities. This training provides a foundation on which to build creativity and innovation. Investigation is where a solid understanding of the problem, situation or the decision at hand is developed. Transformation involves viewing similarities and differences in the information collected. This phase requires two types of thinking: convergent and divergent thinking. Convergent thinking is the ability to see the similarities and the connections among various data and events. Divergent thinking is the ability to see the differences among various data and events. The subconscious needs time to reflect on to the information collected, this is done during the incubation phase. Next comes the illumination phase, where a spontaneous breakthrough causes the light bulb to go on. McDonalds Innovation Council then verifies the ideas where it conducts experimentation to test the success potential in the idea generated. Implementation then follows where the idea is transformed to reality (Entrepreneur, 2006 [online]). Opportunity Recognition and Analysis A business opportunity represents a possibility for the entrepreneur to successfully fill a large enough unsatisfied need that enough sales and profits result. Recognition of an opportunity results from the knowledge and experience of the company and its employees. McDonalds makes effective use of its knowledge base and maintains proper records of its previous industry analysis to point to new directions and market niches to exploit profits out of. Each and every innovative opportunity is carefully assessed through an opportunity analysis plan. This opportunity analysis plan comprises of four sections: A description of the idea and its competition; An assessment of the domestic and international market of the idea; As assessment of the entrepreneur and the team; and A discussion of the steps needed to make the idea the basis for a viable business venture. Product Planning and Development Process Once ideas emerge from idea sources or creative problem solving, they need further development and evaluation. The product planning and development process at McDonalds is divided into five stages: The idea stage The concept stage Product development stage Test marketing stage commercialization Organizational Culture McDonalds has succeeded because it offers consumers, workers, and managers efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. This constitutes the McDonalds model of work practice and work design, known as McDonalization. McDonalds is a global capitalist organization that transforming the production, consumption and distribution of food more importantly everyday life. McDonalds employs Taylors and Fords methods in its assembly line production. Ritzer discerns four elements of Mcdonalization: Efficiency Calculability Predictability and Control (Haworth, n.d.) McDonalds offers efficiency, which is the optimum method for getting from one point to another. This means that McDonalds offers the best available way to get from being hungry to being full. For working people, quick and easy access to food is a blessing and McDonald offers just that through its efficient work practices. This fast-food model offers people an efficient method for satisfying many needs. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) To achieve this efficiency, workers in McDonaldized systems function efficiently. They are provided with training to work this way by managers, who supervise over them closely to make sure they come up to standards. This is ensured by organizational rules and regulations regarding production of highly efficient work. On the other hand, McDonalds also offers calculability, which is an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold (portion size, cost) and service offered. Quantity has become equivalent to quality; that is something that must be good. The common customers perception of bigger is better, is very successfully satisfied with McDonalds Quarter Pounder, the Big Mac, and the large fries. People quantify these things and realize that they are getting a lot of food for quite less money. For consumers this is the best deal but for the food-food outlets this is the extraordinary profitability. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) Consumers also calculate the time it takes to drive to McDonalds, be served the food, eat it, and return home; and then, they compare that duration to the time required to prepare food at home. They believe that it takes them less time to get it from McDonalds than prepare the whole meal at home. This calculation obviously supports home-delivery franchises such as Mcdonalds, which emphasis on time saving. The McDonaldized institutions combine the emphases on time and money. Workers at McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative rather than the qualitative aspects of their work. This causes the workers to focus more on the amount of work they do rather than how well they do it, at times. This is how McDonalds employs Frederick Taylors Scientific management work practices, that related the work directly with pay. (Daft, 1997) The third element of the McDonalization is that McDonalds offers predictability, the assurance that the products and services will be the same every time and in all outlets. For example, the Egg McMuffin in New York is identical to those in Chicago and Los Angeles. To be more precise, those eaten next week or next year will be identical to those eaten today. This provides a great comfort in knowing that McDonalds offers no surprises, its service is predictable. People know that the next Egg McMuffin they eat will taste about the same as the others they have eaten; it will be what is expected and in mind of the consumer. The success of the McDonalds model explains that many people have come to prefer a world in which there are few surprises, because unpredictability can be dangerous too (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) . Relating this to the work practices at McDonalds, the workers in McDonaldized systems also behave in predictable ways. They are confined by the corporate rules as well as the dictates of their managers. McDonalds offers extensive training to its employees, which is so standardized that whatever the employees say at customer touch points is scripted by the managers themselves. McDonalds has pioneered in the routinization of interactive service work (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). Fourthly, McDonalds practices control, especially through the substitution of nonhuman for human technology. A human technology is controlled by people; a nonhuman technology (controls people. The people who eat in fast-food restaurants are controlled through lines, limited menus, few options, and uncomfortable seats. All of these enable the customers to eat quickly and leave (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). The employees in McDonalds working under the McDonaldized organizations are also controlled to a high degree. They are provided trained to do a limited number of tasks in precisely the way they are ordered to do them. The technologies and the way the organization is set up reinforce this control. Managers and supervisors make sure that workers follow the line. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). How does McDonalds makes sure employees follow up to this control? It threatens them to replace them with technology. But employees cannot be controlled from fouling up the systems operation. The manager cannot control a slow worker, who can still make the preparation and delivery of a Big Mac inefficient and worker who refuses to follow the rules might leave the pickles or special sauce off a hamburger, thereby making for unpredictability. And then a distracted worker can put too few fries in the box, making an order of large fries seem skimpy. It is for these reasons, McDonalds has been obliged to steadily replace human beings with non-human technologies, such as the soft-drink dispenser that shuts itself off when the glass is full, the french-fry machine that rings and lifts itself out of the oil when the fries are crisp, the preprogrammed cash register that eliminates the need for the cashier to calculate prices and amounts, and, perhaps at some future time, the robot capable of making hamburgers. Such technologies increase the companys control over workers. And in this way McDonalds can assure customers that their employees and service will be consistent (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11). Increasing Competitive Advantages Being an innovation leader in the food service industry, McDonalds does not let its creative heads fall asleep. It is always looking for new directions to improve its customer services to pave way for profitable business. Following are the ways in which McDonalds can sustain and increase its competitive advantage in the face of aggressive rivalry in the food service industry. Enhancing Organizational Creativity McDonalds can enhance its organizational creativity by: Embracing diversity one of the best ways to cultivate a culture of creativity is to hire a diverse workforce. When people solve problems or come up with ideas, they do so in the same framework of their experience. Hiring people from different backgrounds, cultural experiences, hobbies, and interests provides the company with crucial raw material needed for creativity. Expecting Creativity employees rend to rise- or fall- to the level of expectations of entrepreneurs have of them. One of the best ways to communicate the expectation of creativity is to give employees permission to be creative (Morris, 2009) Expecting and tolerating failure creative ideas will produce failures as wells as successes. People who never fail are not being creative. Creativity requires taking chances and managers must remove employees fear of failure. The surest way to quash creativity throughout an organization is to punish employees who try something new and fail. Encouraging curiosity McDonalds may keep its managers and employees asking the question what if and take a maybe we could attitude to break out of assumptions that limit creativity. Viewing Problems as Challenges every problem offers an opportunity for innovation. Entrepreneurs who allow employees to dump all of their problems to desk to be fixed do nothing to develop the creativity within those employees. Providing Creative Training almost everyone has the capacity to be creative, but developing creativity requires training. Training accomplished through books, seminars, workshops and professional meeting can help everyone learn to tap their creative capacity. Providing Support the higher level management of McDonalds should give employees the tools and resources they need to be creative. One of the most valuable resources is time. Rewarding creativity they can also encourage creativity by rewarding it when it occurs. Financial rewards can be effective motivation but non-monetary rewards such as praise, recognition, and celebration can be more powerful incentives. Modeling Creative Behavior creativity is caught as much as it is taught. Companies that excel at innovation find that the passion for creativity starts at the top. Entrepreneurs set examples of creative behavior, take chance and challenge the status quo will soon find their employees doing the same (Morris, 2009). Improving the Creative Process Teams of people working together usually can generate more and more creative idea. Three techniques McDonalds can use to improve the quality of creative ideas that follow from its Innovation Council: brainstorming, mind-mapping and rapid prototyping. Brainstorming is a process in which a small group of people interact with very little structure with the goal of producing a large quantity of novel and imaginative ideas. Another useful tool for jump-starting creativity is mind mapping, an extension of brainstorming. The strength of mind mapping is that it reflects the way the brain actually works. Rather than browsing out ideas in a linear fashion, the brain jumps from one idea to another. Generating creative ideas is a critical step in the process of taking an idea for a product or a service successfully to the market. However, entrepreneurs find that most of their ideas wont work and thats where rapid prototyping plays an important part in the creative process. The promise behind rapid prototyping is that transforming an idea into an actual model will point out flaws in the original idea and will lead to improvements in its design (Hisrich, 2009). Conclusion Dick and Mac were the ones who opened the first McDonalds restaurant in 1940 in San Bernardino, California, and at that time they could not have imagined the worldwide phenomial success that McDonalds now enjoys. What got them famous was their winning formula of selling a high quality product cheaply and quickly. The business really began to grow immensely once Ray Kroc, a Chicago based salesman, who was a marketing expert, joined the team (Watson, 2002). He decided to spread McDonalds formula throughout the United States and beyond. McDonalds now has more than 30,000 restaurants all over the world. Its serves 46 million customers everyday, that is equal to a lunch and dinner for every man, woman, and child in the world! McDonalds enjoys sales over $38bn from the entire world, which make it the biggest food service company internationally. McDonalds paradox of success lies with innovation and giving customer satisfaction the priority for its service offerings and operations. It keeps track of industry changes, anticipates consumer preferences and incorporates them into the product. Also, insights and communication with owner operators provides new product ideas and a highly effective and successful innovation process that is dealt by the McDonalds innovation council and together with the organizational culture of McDonalisation, it is practicing innovation in all aspects and providing innovation embedded services all around the world. But even a company like McDonalds has room for improvement, whereby it can enhance the creativity of its organization by infusing the culture of innovation more predominantly than before into each organizational level and improving the overall creative idea generating process. In the face of globalization, innovation offers a highly effective opportunity which companies like McDonald are making effective use of but it is more of a continuous process rather than a one-time thing.

James Prescott Joule :: biographies bio

- James Prescott Joule - - Born: 1818 Died 1889 - Joule's career in the sciences began quite early in his life. As early as 16, Prescott was under the tutelage of James Dalton. His experiments soon followed in a laboratory he built in his family's basement. By this time, many scientists had begun hypothesizing on the interrelationships between heat, electricity, and magnetism - and by the 1840's Joule had formulated not only the well known "Joule's Law" but also a principle for conservation of energy. In the 1850's, Joule worked together with another scientist to come up with the "Joule-Thomson effect". Possibly his most well-known experiment is his "Paddle wheel" experiment, which led to an understanding of the conversion of energy from one form to another. His experimentations were not limited to simply those bounded in the areas of physics. Joule was an inventor as well - his accomplishments included the "arc" welding process and a displacement pump. As with every scientist, there is a list of Joule's failures. He attempted to design a motor that would provide infinite power but after many failed attempts realized it was unobtainable. - Joule's Law - - 1840 - Simply stated, Joule's Law relates how heat is dissipated by a resistor. Joule's Law states that the heat given off is equal to the square of the current multiplied by the resistance of the resistor and the amount of time passed. This law also relates itself to Thermodynamics, stating that "at constant temperature the internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of volume."1 - Paddle Wheel Experiment - - 1849 - This experiment involved the dropping of weights from a specific height; these weights would churn the water inside of the bucket and increase the overall temperature of the water slightly. This relationship served as the foundation to the First Law of Thermodynamics: - Joule-Thomson Effect - Although relatively easy to grasp for anyone in Physics, this discovery was key in understanding the relationships between pressure of gas and its temperature. The Joule-Thomson Effect shows that an insulated gas will lower its temperature as the pressure is decreased without doing any work.

Black Body Radiation and Ultraviolet Catastrophe

The book entitled Black Body Radiation and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe written by Jeff Brown tells about the story of a fifteen year old science genius in the name of Augustus who was granted with the power to travel to another dimension, time, or space by a mysterious being. Using his power, he traveled across different dimensions, time, and space of his existence. He had learned a lot from the journey and other people he met.The journey, indeed, let him realize his self-existence and learn some life lesson taught to him by some friends and other beings he had met, along them are his real parents that are the exact opposite of he had in earth. This story of Mr. Brown offers many things to ponder upon such as issues we encounter everyday that result to big changes in our lives, values that modern matters need understanding and lessons that are applicable to life; that real happiness does not come from material things and that big surprises comes in small packages.The work of Mr. Brow n is certainly heart-whelming and enriching for having that sense of purpose we have in life, even though the present of the omnipresent narrator sometimes provide his own musings in between the parts of the story. Augustus, the main protagonist in the story, is a son of a wealthy family. He always wanted to be on top of the honor list. Surprisingly, though he was a science genius, he was always too shy to look after some girls. Also, despite all the material wealth he possessed, he never seemed to be contented at all.He had this sense of wanting something or someone that would complete his existence here on earth. In the beginning of the story, the narrator illustrates this fact with the incident wherein he went out with his bike and before he walks out the door; his actions remained unnoticed by both his parents. In this scene, Augustus had this great pang on his insides; he had the feeling that his parents would not want him to stay and be safe in the house. The fact that Augustu s is the sole child, he always seeks a moment wherein his existence is needed with whom he could protect.It is stated in the first part of the story, â€Å"He approached it like he would his sister about to bite into the last piece of cake, that is, if he had one – a sister that is† that would somehow agree to the idea that he do want a sister and maybe, it is because of his parents’ jobs that caused them of not having a child, a sister for Augustus. In his journey, we could observe that as the story progresses, he found things that taught him to be a different Augustus than before.His imaginations, although as wild as anyone could have, eventually came to life and with this, he manage to think only the positive things he could. That could be the reason why he had met his real parents in an unreal world where he was hoping to find the different parents, the one he desired to have in the real world. It had been evident in the story that his parents do not care fo r him in his development as a person except for matters involving his performance in school or when they have to attend to Church festivities (Easter and Christmas).It was his parents from the other world that taught him the biggest blessing that he had and that is about what happiness really means and how to keep a relationship as sturdy and long as he could. Augustus’ character sought and found the main guiding principle of the story, that is, â€Å"without happiness, life is not worth living. † Aside from this principle, he had also learned several other life-long lessons which he applied later in his life. Augustus’ character is a representation of the many unhappy souls seeking something that would make him feel complete despite the material advantages he had.He started dealing with the difficulties brought about by the journey. Those difficulties stand for the modern issues some of us are facing today. His expedition to the other world could also mean for the changes we are having in life. His journey showed how he had manage to make decisions on his own in relation to his crossing to manhood and how he administer to find those things that would give him happiness. Augustus was gathering enough courage to find his life and the other characters he met helped him in this matter.He had learned to find his life’s worth and appreciated it and the virtues it offered to him. Augustus learned to stand by his faith. He experienced loving and being loved in return through the daughter of the Queen. His spiritual quest had earned him to value love, life and religion as well. At the end of the journey, although it seemed that the story is intriguing because of the bias attempts of the omnipresent narrator to convey his ideas within the text, Augustus is entrusted to portray a very strong character since the beginning of the story that he managed to maintain throughout the narrative.Being a reader, one should have managed to put himself in Augustus’ shoes and understand why he could well stand for any one of us. The maturity and self satisfaction he had receive from that high anticipated trip did not die in vain after the journey. The author had excellently dealt with changing Augustus’s and the readers’ life in a unique way shown in this book. Reference: Brown, J. (2007). Black Body Radiation and Ultraviolet Catastrophe. Lulu. com

Four Year Colleges vs. Community Colleges Essay

Why does Breakthrough emphasize four year colleges and universities? Should Breakthrough programs steer students to use community colleges as â€Å"stepping stones† toward bachelor’s degrees? Would community colleges be cheaper for students? Does it matter where students start their post†secondary educations, as long as they end up with bachelor’s degrees? It is true that once students have their bachelor’s degrees, it makes little difference, in terms of earnings potential and job prospects, what path they took to get there. However, the likelihood of earning a bachelor’s degree is significantly reduced if a student starts her post†secondary education at a community college, and the amount of time it takes to complete a bachelor’s degree (and potentially, the amount of loans a student accrues) is greatly increased. Additionally, research shows that the kinds of students Breakthrough serves—low†income, minority, first generation—are less likely to transfer from community colleges to four†year colleges and earn bachelor’s degrees. Therefore, the research supports the fact that students are more likely to complete bachelor’s degrees if they start their post† secondary educations at four†year colleges or universities. Is community college more cost-effective? Without factoring in financial aid, the average tuition and fees at community college is less than half of the average tuition and fees at a public four†year institution and 1/10th of the tuition and fees at a private four year institution. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the average annual tuition and fees in 2006†07 was: †¢ $2,017 †in†state student attending a community college †¢ $5,685 † full†time, in†state student at a public four year college or university †¢ $20,492 † full time student at a private four year college and university However, while the tuition and fees at community colleges are significantly less, without knowing a student’s financial aid package at a four year institution, it is difficult to determine the relative cost† effectiveness. Additionally, considering the amount of time it takes students who begin in community college to complete their bachelor’s degrees, it is unclear how much cost savings there is in the end. Does it take longer for students to complete bachelor’s degrees if they start at community colleges? On average, it takes students 1 ½Ã¢â‚¬ 2 years longer to complete bachelor’s degrees if they begin at community colleges than if they begin at four†year colleges. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the average time it takes to complete a bachelor’s degree is: †¢ 71 months for students who begin at 2†year colleges †¢ 55 months for students who begin at four year public colleges †¢ 50 months for students who begin at four year private colleges Is there a difference in the earnings of community college graduates and graduates of four†year institutions? If community college students do manage to transfer quickly and graduate from four†year colleges, there is little evidence to show that there are significant earning differentials between students who start at community colleges and students who start at four†year colleges (Kane and Rouse, 1995; Hilmer, 2000). The problem is that many community college students do not quickly transfer into four† year colleges nor do they ultimately complete their bachelor’s degrees. For those individuals who start at community colleges and don’t transfer to four†year institutions, there are repercussions in terms of their earnings potential. The average annual median income for adults who have associate’s degrees is approximately $13,000 less per year than adults who have bachelor’s degrees ($32,900 vs. $45,700), or $500,000 less in estimated lifetime earnings (U.S. Department of Labor, 2002). If the intention is to change the economic trajectory of Breakthrough students (i.e., end the cycle of poverty), then having Breakthrough students begin their post†secondary educations at four†year colleges is the best way to ensure they complete their bachelor’s degrees. Is there a difference in the attrition rates of students at community colleges vs. students at four†year colleges? The attrition rate for students at community colleges, even those students who have an explicit intent to pursue bachelor’s degrees, is far greater than the attrition rate of students at four year colleges. In 2006: †¢ 39% of students at community colleges who intended to pursue bachelor’s degrees left school without completing a degree or certificate program †¢ 17% of students at four year public colleges left school without completing a degree †¢ 16% of students at four year private colleges left school without completing a degree (National Center for Education Statistics, 2008 Special Analysis of Community College data)